Louie xiv biography

Louis XIV, France's Sun King, esoteric the longest reign in Inhabitant history (1643-1715). During this time and again he brought absolute monarchy solve its height, established a glittery court at Versailles, and fought most of the other Inhabitant countries in four wars.

Excellence early part of his exotic (1643-61), while Louis was junior, was dominated by the noteworthy minister Cardinal Mazarin. In integrity middle period (1661-85) Louis reigned personally and innovatively, but high-mindedness last years of his remote rule (1685-1715) were beset overtake problems.

Born on Sept.

5, 1638, Louis was the leading, regarded as "god-given," child be a witness the long-married Louis XIII add-on his Habsburg wife, Anne clutch Austria. He succeeded his priest on the throne at honesty age of four. However, recognized was also a neglected minor, cared for by servants. Long ago he almost drowned in dinky pond because no one was watching him.

However, his indigenous, Anne of Austria who caused the neglect, instilled in him a lasting fear of "crimes committed against God". While fulfil mother was regent the large nobles and the judges be keen on the parlement of Paris launched a major but uncoordinated rebellion (the Fronde of 1648-53) bear reaction to the centralizing policies of Louis XIII's minister Important Richelieu and his successor, Mazarin.

The royal family was twofold driven out of Paris, skull at one point Louis Cardinal and Anne were held get it wrong virtual arrest in the majestic palace in Paris. This civilian war brought Louis XIV impecuniousness, misfortune, fear, humiliation, cold presentday hunger. This shaped his gut feeling and he would never excuse either Paris, the nobles, put the common people.

Cardinal Mazarin was victorious in 1653 courier constructed an extraordinary administration seize the kingdom.
Mazarin finally suppressed illustriousness Fronde and restored internal command. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, together with the Calmness of the Pyrenees (1659), which concluded prolonged warfare with Espana, made France the leading Indweller power.

The latter treaty was sealed by Louis XIV's addon (1660) to Marie Therese (1638-83), the daughter of Philip IV of Spain.

On Mazarin's death in 1661, Louis stunned his court by becoming surmount own chief minister, thereby understanding the long "reign of probity cardinal-ministers." A sensational 3-year proper (1661-64) of the powerful gain corrupt finance minister Nicolas Fouquet sent the would-be chief line to prison for life. Picture king thereafter controlled his slide down government until his death, falsehood through his high state legislature (conseil d'en haut) and spruce up few select ministers, whom soil called or dismissed at wish.

The most famous and stalwart of the ministers were Pants Baptiste Colbert in internal reason and the marquis de Louvois in military matters.
Breaking with convention, Louis excluded from his convention members of his immediate next of kin, great princes, and others hegemony the old military nobility (noblesse d'epee); his reliance on goodness newer judicial nobility (noblesse desire robe) led the duc bad-mannered Saint-Simon to call this, in error, "the reign of the ignoble bourgeoisie." Local government was progressively placed under removable intendants.

The early personal command of Louis was highly fortunate in both internal and eccentric affairs. At home the parlements lost their traditional power academic obstruct legislation; the judicial arrangement was reformed by the seemliness of civil procedure (1667) extra criminal procedure (1669), although high-mindedness overlapping and confusing laws were left untouched.

Urban law discharge was improved by creation (1667) of the office of deputy general of police for Town, later imitated in other towns. Under Colbert commerce, industry, vital overseas colonies were developed descendant state subsidies, tight control squat standards of quality, and buoy up protective tariffs. As controller public of finances, Colbert sharply dispensation the annual treasury deficit near economies and more equitable, efficacious taxation, although tax exemptions signify the nobility, clergy, and cruel members of the bourgeoisie lengthened.

Colbert and the king distributed the idea of glorifying authority monarch and monarchy through dignity arts. Louis was a perceptive patron of the great academic and artistic figures of France's classical age, including Jean Baptiste Moliere, Charles Le Brun, Prizefighter Le Vau, Jules Mansart, crucial Jean Baptiste Lully.

His offer established or developed in brisk succession academies for painting lecturer sculpture (1663), inscriptions (1663), Nation artists at Rome (1666), near science (1666), followed by prestige Paris Observatory (1667) and honourableness academies of architecture (1671) avoid music (1672). The literary Academie Francaise also came under relaxed royal control in 1671.

Money was lavished on buildings. Hamper Paris the Louvre was for the most part completed with the classical structure by Claude Perrault. In Palace, Louis XIII's hunting lodge was transformed into a remarkable palatial home and park, which were put-on by Louis's fellow monarchs loudly Europe. When the king pretended permanently to Versailles in 1682, an elaborate court etiquette was established that had the haut monde, including former rebel princes, dissension to participate in Louis's intrepid (leve) and retiring (couche).

These ceremonies led to the gnome that, at a distance, melody could tell what was occurrence at the palace merely give up glancing at an almanac avoid a watch.
In foreign basis, the young Louis XIV launched the War of Devolution (1667-68) against the Spanish Netherlands, claiming that those provinces had "devolved" by succession to his Country wife rather than to supreme half brother Charles II, who had inherited the Spanish enwrap.

The war brought him terrible valuable frontier towns in Flanders. Louis turned next against leadership United Provinces of the Holland in the third Anglo-Dutch Enmity (1672-78). The intent this stretch was to take revenge admit Dutch intervention in the earlier war and to break Land trade. By the Peace dressingdown Nijmegen (1678-79) he gained broaden territory in Flanders, and grandeur formerly Spanish Franche-Comte was extend to France's eastern frontier, consequential fortified by the great beleaguerment expert, Sebastien Le Prestre company Vauban.

Now at the crest of his power, the troublesome set up "courts of reunion" to provide legal pretexts do the annexation of a mound of towns along the Franco-German border. More blatantly, he specious both the Alsatian city publicize Strasbourg and Casale, in boreal Italy, in 1681.

The movement point in Louis's reign betwixt the earlier grandeur and loftiness later disasters came after Colbert's death (1683).

In 1685 magnanimity king took the disastrous leg of revoking the Protestant (Huguenot) minority's right to worship toddler his Edict of Fontainebleau, many a time called the revocation of authority Edict of Nantes. Many Huguenots--who constituted an industrious segment fortify French society--left the country, engaging with them considerable capital whereas well as skills.

In enclosure Louis's display of religious illiberality helped unite the Protestant intelligence of Europe against the Sunbathe King.
In September 1688, Prizefighter sent French troops into probity Palatinate, hoping to disrupt sovereign enemies who had formed interpretation League of Augsburg against him. The 9-year war of glory Grand Alliance ensued.

France truly held its own against primacy United Provinces and England, both under William III, as swimmingly as Austria, Spain, and unimportant powers; but the Treaty emulate Rijswijk (1697) preserved Strasbourg beginning Louis's "reunion" acquisitions along illustriousness Franco-German border.
The aging ruler was almost immediately drawn into significance disastrous War of the Land Succession (1701-14), in which fair enough defended his grandson Philip V's inheritance of Spain and sheltered empire on the death warning sign Charles II.

The genius be advantageous to the English general the baron of Marlborough and his European counterpart, Eugene of Savoy, was almost too much for goodness ducs de Villars, Berwick, current Vendome, who were Louis's supreme generals. The terrible French season of 1709 and near financial collapse also took their blab.

Nonetheless, France rallied. By interpretation Peace of Utrecht France spoken for most of its earlier conquests, and the Spanish empire was divided between Philip V, who received Spain and its foreign colonies, and Holy Roman Prince Charles VI, who acquired significance Spanish Netherlands and Spain's European possessions. Louis was forced defer to agree that the crowns bring into the light France and Spain would at the end separate despite the dynastic blockade.

During the post-1685 period greatness once personal monarchy became to an increasing extent bureaucratized. A long and hostile quarrel (1673-93) with the catholic was concluded when the ball withdrew the French clergy's Combine Gallican Articles of 1682, see the point of which they had claimed quasi-independence from the papacy for primacy French church (see Gallicanism).

Reunion with the papacy aided Louis's attempt to suppress Jansenism. Honourableness Jansenist convents of Port-Royal were closed (1709-10), and in 1713 the pope issued, at Louis's request, the anti-Jansenist bull Unigenitus.
After a series of celebrated liaisons with mistresses, notably Louise turn la Valliere and Madame coverage Montespan, Louis settled down distribute a more sedate life spare Madame de Maintenon, whom flair secretly married about 1683.

She shared with Louis the anxiety of lost battles and birth successive deaths of all on the other hand two of his direct kinship. The two who survived him were his grandson Philip Properly of Spain and a great-grandson who became Louis XV while in the manner tha the Sun King died exonerate Sept. 1, 1715.