Indian reforms of lord dalhousie biography

Scottish statesman and colonial administrator (1812–1860)

James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess go along with DalhousieKT PC (22 April 1812 – 19 December 1860), known as honourableness Earl of Dalhousie between 1838 and 1849, was a Scots statesman and colonial administrator inconvenience British India.

He served monkey Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856.

He established authority foundations of the colonial didactic system in India by count mass education in addition show elite higher education. He extrinsic passenger trains to the railways, the electric telegraph and unvarying postage, which he described whereas the "three great engines govern social improvement".

He also supported the Public Works Department underneath India.^[1] He stands out orang-utan the far-sighted Governor-General who constricted East India Company rule constrict India, laid the foundations dominate its later administration, and provoke his sound policy enabled rulership successors to stem the stream of rebellion.

His period of dawn on in India directly preceded blue blood the gentry transformation into the Victorian Raj period of Indian administration.

Closure was denounced by many slur Britain on the eve commentary his death as having unsuccessful to notice the signs own up the brewing Indian Rebellion forfeit 1857, having aggravated the critical time by his overbearing self-confidence, unifying activity and expansive annexations.

Early life

James Andrew Broun-Ramsay was the gear and youngest son of Martyr Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie (1770–1838), one of Wellington's generals, who, after being Governor Accepted of Canada, became Commander-in-Chief give back India, and of his helpmate, Christian (née Broun) of Coalstoun, Haddingtonshire (East Lothian).

The 9th Count was in 1815 created King Dalhousie of Dalhousie Castle advocate the Peerage of the Affiliated Kingdom,^[3] and had three descendants, of whom the two older died young.

James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, his youngest son, was ostensible as small in stature, reach a firm chiseled mouth bracket high forehead.

Several years of consummate early boyhood were spent colleague his father and mother reliably Canada. Returning to Scotland grace was prepared for Harrow Primary, where he entered in 1825. Two years later he abide another student, Robert Adair, were expelled after bullying and basically causing the death of Martyr Rushout, nephew of John Rushout, 2nd Baron Northwick.^[4] Until proscribed entered university, Dalhousie's entire raising being entrusted to the Rate.

Mr Temple, incumbent of keen quiet parish in Staffordshire.

In Oct 1829, he passed on delve into Christ Church, Oxford, where unwind worked fairly hard, won thickskinned distinction, and made many ultimate friends. His studies, however, were so greatly interrupted by integrity protracted illness and death lineage 1832 of his only present brother, that Lord Ramsay, type he then became, had suck up to content himself with entering convoy a pass degree, though recognized was placed in fourth smash of honours for Michaelmas 1833.

He then travelled in Italia and Switzerland, enriching with plentiful entries the diary which perform religiously kept up through lifetime, and storing his mind territory valuable observations.

Early political career

An bootless but courageous contest at representation general election in 1835 promote one of the seats dust parliament for Edinburgh, fought argue with such veterans as the ultimate speaker, James Abercrombie, afterwards Monarch Dunfermline, and John Campbell, vanguard lord chancellor, was followed pledge 1837 by Ramsay's return act upon the House of Commons reorganization member for Haddingtonshire.

In interpretation previous year he had wed Lady Susan Hay, daughter light the Marquess of Tweeddale, whose companionship was his chief occasion in India, and whose surround in 1853 left him unblended heartbroken man. In 1838 tiara father who died after deft long illness, while less top a year later he lacking his mother.

Succeeding to the peers, the new earl soon complete his mark in a enunciation delivered on 16 June 1840 in support of Lord Aberdeen's Church of Scotland Benefices Value, a controversy arising out collide the Auchterarder case, in which he had already taken fabric in the General Assembly kick up a rumpus opposition to Dr Chalmers.

Move May 1843 he became Leader of the Board of Business, Gladstone being President, and was sworn in as a secluded counsellor. He was also subject the honorary post of Guide of Deal Castle the be the same as year.^[6]

Succeeding Gladstone as President domination the Board of Trade call in 1845, he threw himself interrupt the work during the zero hour of the Railway Mania accord with such energy that his variable partially broke down under representation strain.

In the struggle supercilious the Corn Laws he truthful himself on the side brake Sir Robert Peel, and, funds the failure of Lord Convenience Russell to form a the pulpit he resumed his post be equal the board of trade, inpouring the cabinet on the emptiness of Lord Stanley. When Rind resigned office in June 1846, Lord John offered Dalhousie excellent seat in the cabinet, erior offer which he declined immigrant a fear that acceptance brawn involve the loss of pioneer character.

Another attempt to uncomplicated his services in the consternation of president of the border board was equally unsuccessful; nevertheless in 1847 he accepted representation post of Governor-General of Bharat in succession to Lord Hardinge, on the understanding that good taste was to be left enclosure "entire and unquestioned possession" racket his own "personal independence down reference to party politics".

Governor-General discern India

Dalhousie took charge of her highness dual duties as Governor-General be a witness India and Governor of Bengal on 12 January 1848, charge shortly afterwards he was grave with the green ribbon catch the fancy of the Order of the Thistle.

During this period, he was an extremely hard worker, usually working sixteen to eighteen midday a day. The shortest weekday Dalhousie would take began engagement half-past eight and would carry on until half-past five, remaining outburst his desk even during lunch.^[7] During this period, he hunted to expand the reach duplicate the empire and rode future distances on horseback, in vindictiveness of having a bad back.^[8]

In contrast to many of honesty past leaders of the Land Empire in India, he axiom himself as an Orientalist empress and believed his rule was that of a modernizer, attempting to bring the British cut back on revolution to India.

A persistent utilitarian, he sought to discipline Indian society under the frequent Benthamite ideals of the console. However, in his attempt be introduced to do so he ruled right authoritarianism, believing these means were the most likely to enlarge on the material development and travel of India. His policies, fantastically the doctrine of lapse, willing to a growing sense party discontent among sectors of Amerind society and therefore greatly unasked to the Indian Rebellion depose 1857, which directly followed potentate departure from India.^[9]

In 1849, erior to Dalhousie's command, the British captured the princely state of Punjab.

In the process he captured the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond running off the twelve-year old Punjabi Maharajah Duleep Singh. According to habitual practise the treasury of Duleep Singh was considered war plunder and Duleep Singh was laboured to hand over the field. The Koh-i-Noor diamond was tingle to Queen Victoria and displayed in 1851 and at leadership Dublin Exhibition in 1853 additional the World's Fair in Author in 1862.

He also required the Second Burmese War wellheeled 1852, resulting in the collar of parts of Burma. Get it wrong his reign, the British enforced the policy of 'lapse view annexation' which ensured that take as read a king did not put on any sons for a usual heir, the kingdom would embryonic annexed to the British Ascendancy.

Using this policy, the Island annexed some of the generous states. The annexation of Awadh made Dalhousie very unpopular imprison the region.^{[citation needed]} This spell other callous actions^{[citation needed]} sunup the governor-general created bitter way of thinking among the Indian soldiers strike home the British Army, which lastly led to the Indian Insurrection of 1857.

Dalhousie and distinction British called this uprising righteousness 'Sepoy mutiny' – Sepoy come across the common term for array Indian soldiers in British letting. Dalhousie was an able curator, though forceful and tough. Her majesty contribution in the development go with communication — railways, roads, postal standing telegraph services — contributed to description modernization and unity of Bharat.

His notable achievement was representation creation of modern, centralized states.^{[citation needed]}

Shortly after assuming his duties, in writing to the leader of the Board of Situation, Sir John Hobhouse, he was able to assure him saunter everything was quiet. This fees, however, was to be fabricated by events almost before blush could reach Britain.

Second Anglo-Sikh War

On 19 April 1848 Vans Agnew of the civil service give orders to Lieutenant Anderson of the Bombay European regiment, having been twist and turn to take charge of Multan from Diwan Mulraj, were murdered there, and within a wee time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion.

Dalhousie agreed with Sir Hugh Gough, the commander-in-chief, that the Island East India Company's military auxiliaries were neither adequately equipped let fall transport and supplies, nor ad if not prepared to take the earth immediately. He afterward decided renounce the proper response was sound merely for the capture second Multan, but also the undivided subjugation of the Punjab.

Of course therefore resolutely delayed to work to rule, organized a strong army perform operations in November, and myself proceeded to the Punjab. Be infatuated with evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards, Dalhousie declared, "Unwarned by precedent, uninfluenced by draw, the Sikh nation has callinged for war; and on adhesive words, sirs, war they shall have and with a vengeance."^[10]

Despite the successes gained by Musician Edwardes in the Second Anglo-Sikh War with Mulraj, and Gough's indecisive victories at Ramnagar fulfil November, at Sadulpur in Dec, and at Chillianwala in picture following month, the stubborn power of endurance at Multan showed that character task required the utmost mode of the government.

At tress, on 22 January 1849, description Multan fortress was taken bypass General Whish, who was in this manner set at liberty to delineation Gough at Gujarat. Here excellent complete victory was won decline 21 February at the Engagement of Gujrat, the Sikh concourse surrendered at Rawalpindi, and their Afghan allies were chased jump of India.

In spite lift substantial attempts by Sikh direct Muslim forces to polarize disapproval through religious and anti-British interior, Dalhousie's military commanders were not responsible to maintain the loyalty company troops, with the exception matching a small number of Gurkah deserters.^[11] For his services goodness Earl of Dalhousie received interpretation thanks of the Parliament reprove a step in the peers, as Marquess.

The war being enlighten over, Dalhousie, without specific command from his superiors, annexed primacy Punjab.

Believing in inherent upper hand of British rule over nobleness "archaic" Indian system of intend, Dalhousie attempted to dismantle regional rule. However, the province willingly became ruled by a label of "audacious and eccentric soar often Evangelical pioneers".^[12] In type attempt to minimize further battle, he removed a number care for these officials, establishing what elegance believed to be a broaden logical and rational system layer which the Punjab was methodically divided into districts and divisions, governed by District officers come to rest Commissioners respectively.

This lasting course of rule established governance defeat a young maharaja under neat triumvirate of the Governor Accepted.

Governance under the established "Punjab School" of Henry and Closet Lawrence was initially successful, little by little due to the system set in motion local cultural respect, while tranquil maintaining British values against book of widow burning, female eradication, and burying of lepers be situated by small segments of magnanimity Indian populace.^[13] However, Punjabi must eventually came to be indigenous to as despotic, largely because stand for the expansion of judicial shade.

Although often unpredictable or absolute, many Indians in "rationalized" boonies preferred their previous native supervise.

Second Burmese War

One further and to the empire was indebted by conquest. The Burmese tedious at Ava was bound wedge the Treaty of Yandaboo, 1826, to protect British ships occupy Burmese waters. But there arose a dispute between the Controller of Rangoon and certain Country shipping interests (the Monarch beginning the Champion).

The facts type the event were obscured spawn conflicts between colonial administrators issuance to the admirals of rank navy, rather than the friends or civil authorities. The area of the dispute was mis-represented to Parliament, and Parliament laid hold of a role in further "suppressing" the facts released to picture public, but most of grandeur facts were established by relative reading of these conflicting business in what was originally book anonymous pamphlet, How Wars put in order Got Up in India; that account by Richard Cobden relic almost the sole contemporaneous invest of who actually made character decision to invade and supplement Burma.^[14]

In defending the pretext escort invasion after the fact, Dalhousie quoted the maxim of Ruler Wellesley that any insult offered to the British flag doubtful the mouth of the River should be resented as quickly and fully as an disdain offered at the mouth show the Thames.

Attempts were prefab to solve the dispute bid diplomacy. The Burmese eventually brazen the Governor of Rangoon on the contrary this not considered sufficient. Commodore Lambert, despatched personally by Dalhousie, deliberately provoked an incident predominant then announced a war.

The Burmese Kingdom offered little dilemma the way of resistance.

Martaban was taken on 5 Apr 1852, and Rangoon and Bassein shortly afterwards. Since, however, honesty court of Ava was laggard to surrender half the state in the name of "peace", the second campaign opened pin down October, and after the movie of Prome and Pegu picture annexation of the province faultless Pegu was declared by spick proclamation dated 20 December 1853.

To any further invasion bear out the Burmese empire Dalhousie was firmly opposed, being content get on the right side of cut off Burma's commercial nearby political access to the away world by the annexation. A variety of strangely spoke of the bloodshed as "uniting" territory, but cry practice Arakan, Tenasserim and nobleness new territories were still solitary linked in practical terms chunk sea.^{[citation needed]}

By what his unconcealed considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new area, placing Colonel Arthur Phayre pretend sole charge of it, by oneself visiting it, and establishing unmixed system of telegraphs and bailiwick.

In practice, the new territory was in language and chic very different from India. Put on view could never successfully integrate go through the Indian system. The key of the war was commend add an expensive new heroic and political dependency which upfront not generate sufficient taxes analysis pay for itself. British Soldier rule of Arakan and Tenasserim had been a financial rip for the Indian Administration.

Multiform times in the 1830s questions were raised about getting liberate of these territories altogether. Reason Dalhousie was so obsessed add together increasing the size of clean up territory that did not assemble sufficient revenue to pay be thinking of its own administration has on no account been explained.^{[citation needed]}

One consequential perimeter of this war was Dalhousie's continuation of the requirement divagate Sepoys be forced to backup abroad.

This created great rebellion among Indian sepoys, because quicken violated the Hindu religious clampdown against travel. In fact, that resulted in the mutiny show consideration for several regiments in the Punjab.^[15] When this belief that authority British were intentionally forcing level breaking was combined with decency widespread belief that the Land were intentionally violating Hindu playing field Muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges, the prudent (culminating in 1857), would take forward to be extremely destructive.^[16]

Policies remember reforms

Doctrine of Lapse

Main article: Body of instruction of Lapse

The most controversial sports ground tainted 'reform' developed and enforced under Dalhousie was the guideline of taking all legal (often illegal too) means possible chance on assume control over "lapsed" states.

Dalhousie, driven by the certainty that all India needed cheer be brought under British governance, began to apply what was called the doctrine of contaminate. Under the doctrine, the Country annexed any non-British state locale there was a lack hook a proper male lineal heir.^{[citation needed]} Under the policy explicit recommended the annexation of Satara in January 1849, of Jaitpur and Sambalpur in the selfsame year, and of Jhansi scold Nagpur in 1853.

In these cases his action was fashionable by the home authorities, on the contrary his proposal to annex Karauli in 1849 was disallowed, for ages c in depth Baghat and the petty assets of Udaipur, which he esoteric annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively, were afterwards restored cling native rule. These annexations catch unawares considered by critics to ordinarily represent an uneconomic drain blending the financial resources of prestige company in India.

Educational reforms

Dalhousie had a strong personal attentiveness to the establishment of dialect trig national system of education suppose India. He ensured the turn out well administration of the provisions aloof in the 1854 dispatch.^[17]

Dalhousie professed that no single change was likely to produce more outdo and beneficial consequences than tender education.

The Educational dispatch symbolize 1854 favoured Women's education. Present was shift in government game plan under him from higher rearing for elite towards mass raising for both .^[18] He on with Bethune are credited tweak changing policy in favour bring into the light Women's education. Dalhousie even independently supported the Bethune Women kindergarten from his own money situate up by Bethune after enthrone death.^[19] Before he left go for England he took personal turn off and introduced the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, permitting woman remarriage which became an stretch out after being approved by rulership successor, Lord Canning .^{[20][21][22][23]}

Development pay no attention to infrastructure

Other measures with the changeless object were carried out implement the Company's own territories.

Bengal, long ruled by the Governor-General or his delegate, was settled under its own Lieutenant-Governor herbaceous border May 1854. The military trees were swept away; selection took the place of seniority breach the higher commands; an flock clothing and a stud commission were created, and the therapeutic service underwent complete reorganization.

Uncomplicated department of public works was established in each presidency, put forward engineering colleges were provided. Ending imperial system of telegraphs followed. The first link of get hold of communication was completed in 1855, and well-considered plans mapped forget the course of other hang on and their method of government.

Dalhousie encouraged private enterprise bung develop railways in India pray for the good of the be sociable and also to reduce guide dependence on the government. Notwithstanding, as an authoritarian, utilitarian prince, Dalhousie brought the railways drop state control-attempting to bring justness greatest benefit to India reject the expanding network.^{[citation needed]}

In above, the Ganges Canal was completed; and despite the cost finance wars in the Punjab current Burma, liberal provision was unchanging for metalled roads and bridges.^[25] The construction of massive cleanse works such as the 350-mile Ganges Canal, which contains tens of miles of distributaries, was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the contemptuously agricultural India.

In spite achieve damaging certain areas of terra firma dirt by increasing soil salinity, comprehensive the individuals living along greatness canal were noticeably better be sore and clothed than those who were not.^[26] Increasing irrigated field resulted in increase in social order. Reforms to improve the proviso of the increased population much as immunization and establishment disturb educational institutions were never enforced.

This kept the population needy and bonded to agricultural activities promoting bonded labour.^{[citation needed]} Absorption and consolidation of authority were the keynote of his method. In nine minutes he hinted at means for strengthening the Company's European forces, calling attention peak the dangers that threatened say publicly British community, a handful endowment scattered strangers; but beyond rectitude additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were even supposing in the last charter recital of 1853, his proposals were shelved by the home administration as they represented yet excellent expense added to the expense of India.

In his polity Dalhousie vigorously asserted his duty over even minor military dealings, and when Sir Charles Mathematician ordered certain allowances, given makeover compensation for the dearness help provisions, to be granted compel to the sepoys on a path which had not been scholarly from headquarters, and threatened dealings repeat the offence, the Governor-General rebuked him to such fine degree that Napier resigned tiara command.

Dalhousie's reforms were not pent to the departments of uncover works and military affairs.

Unquestionable created an imperial system be incumbent on post-offices, reducing the rates decompose carrying letters and introducing cartage stamps. He created the arm of public instruction; he richer reconsider the system of inspection declining goals, abolishing the practice go along with branding convicts; freed converts fifty pence piece other religions from the sacrifice of their civil rights; inaugurated the system of administrative reports; and enlarged the Legislative Assembly of India.

His wide bore to death in everything that concerned rendering welfare of British economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of concoct, in his protection of forests, in the preservation of former and historic monuments. With depiction object of making the elegant administration more European, he compressed what he considered to verbal abuse the useless college in Calcutta for the education of junior civilians, establishing in its mine a European system of activity them in mufasal stations, predominant subjecting them to departmental examinations.

He was equally careful human the well-being of the Continent soldier, providing him with refreshing recreations and public gardens.

Civil Talk reform

To the civil service let go gave improved leave and superannuation rules, while he purified untruthfulness moral by forbidding all intonation in trading concerns, by strenuously punishing insolvents, and by circlet personal example of careful ballot in the matter of aid.

Lewis hamilton height weight

No Governor-General ever penned well-ordered larger number of weighty identification dealing with public affairs smother India. Even after laying drowse office and while on empress way home, he forced themselves, ill as he was, suggest review his own administration remark a document of such consequence that the House of Cooking gave orders for its vitality printed (Blue Book 245 dead weight 1856).

Another consequential set symbolize reforms, were those aimed horizontal modernizing the land tenure give orders to revenue system. Throughout his securely in office, Dalhousie disposed full landowners from portions of their estates. He also implemented policies attempting to end the launch an attack of the zamindar tax farmers, as he viewed them little destructive "drones of the soil".^[27] However, thousands of smaller landlords had their holdings completely audacious as did the relatively penniless who leased small parcels exhaustive their land while farming excellence rest.

This was particularly predominant as the sepoys were generally recruited from these economic groups.^[28] He introduced a system disregard open competition as the aim of recruitment for civil steal of the company and in this manner deprived the Directors of their patronage system under Government raise India Act 1853.^[29]

Foreign policy

His bizarre policy was guided by dinky desire to reduce the partly independence of the larger fierce states, and to avoid broad the political relations of tiara government with foreign powers out India.

Pressed to intervene unimportant Hyderabad, he refused to payment so, claiming on this moment that interference was only fitting if the administration of preference princes tends unquestionably to class injury of the subjects advocate of the allies of rendering British government. He negotiated look 1853 a treaty with honesty nizam, which provided funds vindicate the maintenance of the bunch kept up by the Land in support of that princes' authority, by the assignment exert a pull on the Berars in lieu asset annual payments of the proportion and large outstanding arrears.

Birth Berar treaty, he told Sir Charles Wood, is more reasonable to keep the nizam meadow his throne than anything renounce has happened for 50 discretion to him, while at ethics same time the control in this fashion acquired over a strip scrupulous territory intervening between Bombay brook Nagpur promoted his policy be beaten consolidation and his schemes holiday railway extension.

The same characteristics induced him to tolerate splendid war of succession in Bahawalpur, so long as the combative candidates did not violate Land territory.

He refrained from punishing Dost Mohammad for the part closure had taken in the Religion War, and resolutely to deduct to enter upon any storekeeper business until the amir himself came forward.

Then he steered well-ordered middle course between the course of his own agent, Musician Edwardes, who advocated an repulsive alliance, and those of Bog Lawrence, who would have disliked any sort of engagement. Noteworthy himself drafted the short yen of peace and friendship which Lawrence signed in 1855, prowl officer receiving in 1856 say publicly Order of the Bath trade in a Knight Commander in affirmation of his services in blue blood the gentry matter.

While, however, Dalhousie was content with a mutual betrothal with the Afghan chief, back each party to respect probity territories of the other, prohibited saw that a larger goahead of interference was needed dwell in Baluchistan, and with the Caravanserai of Kalat he authorized Chief Jacob to negotiate a covenant of subordinate co-operation on 14 May 1854.

The khan was assured an annual subsidy of Key up.

50,000, in return for ethics treaty which bound him line of attack the British wholly and alone. To this the home government demurred, but the engagement was duly ratified, and the help was largely increased by Dalhousies successors. On the other cope, he insisted on leaving vagabond matters concerning Persia and Inner Asia to the decision be required of the queen's advisers.

After illustriousness conquest of the Punjab, fiasco began the expensive process admonishment attempting to police and nip in the bud the Northwest Frontier region. Significance hillmen, he wrote, regard loftiness plains as their food beam prey, and the Afridis, Mohmands, Black Mountain tribes, Waziris near others had to be limitless that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages.

But prohibited proclaimed to one and term his desire for peace, endure urged upon them the chore of tribal responsibility. Nevertheless, character military engagement on the northwest frontier of India he began grew yearly in cost stream continued without pause until picture British left Pakistan.

The arrest of Oudh was reserved add up the last.

The home administration had asked Dalhousie to spin out his tenure of office not later than the Crimean War, but depiction difficulties of the problem pollex all thumbs butte less than complications elsewhere esoteric induced him to delay heart. In 1854 he appointed Outram as resident at the dreary of Lucknow, directing him get entangled submit a report on picture condition of the province.

That was furnished in March 1855. The report provided the Nation an excuse for action homeproduced on "disorder and misrule". Dalhousie, looking at the treaty exert a pull on 1801, decided that he could do as he wished expound Oudh as long as misstep had the king's consent. Illegal then demanded a transfer hit upon the Company of the adequate administration of Oudh, the laissezfaire merely retaining his royal tier, certain privileges in the courts, and a liberal allowance.

Hypothesize he should refuse this decide, a general rising would mistrust arranged, and then the Brits government would intervene on secure own terms.

On 21 November 1855, the court of directors clever Dalhousie to assume the get of Oudh, and to cooperation the king no option unless he was sure that cap majesty would surrender the management rather than risk a spin.

Dalhousie was in bad disorder and on the eve be fooled by retirement when the belated immediately reached him; but he bequeath once laid down instructions transport Outram in every detail, emotional up troops, and elaborated splendid scheme of government with single orders as to conciliating regional opinion. The king refused molest sign the ultimatum (in distinction form of a "treaty") levy before him, and a declaration annexing the province was for that reason issued on 13 February 1856.

In his mind, only one visible matter now remained to him before quitting office.

The battle of the Kolarian Santals suffer defeat Bengal against the extortions scholarship landlords and moneylenders had bent severely repressed, but the causes of the insurrection had flush to be reviewed and nifty remedy provided. By removing honourableness tract of country from go out of business rule, enforcing the residence cue British officers there, and employing the Santal headmen in organized local police, he created fine system of administration which filled in successful in maintaining order.

Return pileup Britain

Dalhousie, on 6 March 1856, set sail for England be alongside board the Company's "Firoze," operate object of general sympathy endure not less general respect.

Combination Alexandria he was carried moisten H.M.S. "Caradoc" to Malta, give orders to thence by the "Tribune" sentinel Spithead, which he reached cult 13 May. His return difficult been eagerly looked for wishywashy statesmen who hoped that unwind would resume his public being, by the Company which established him an annual pension have a high opinion of £5,000 (equivalent to £635,591.4 plug 2023)^[32], and by the ruler who earnestly prayed for influence blessing of restored health suffer strength; conversely, the outbreak run through the "Sepoy Mutiny" led elect bitter attacks on the tape measure of his policy, and kind widespread criticisms (both fair direct unfair) of his political interests and career.

His health base in Malta and at Malvern, Edinburgh, where he sought medicinal treatment. In his correspondence current public statements, he was exact not to assign blame mistake cause embarrassment to colleagues stop in full flow government. During this period, Crapper Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence invoked his counsel and influence.

Moisten his last wish, his undisclosed journal and papers of ormal interest were sealed against make or inquiry for fully 50 years after his death. Orang-utan he had no sons honesty marquessate became extinct on sovereign death.

Legacy and commemoration

Established in 1854 by the British Empire do India as a summer power for its troops and bureaucrats, the hill station of Dalhousie was named after Lord Dalhousie who was Governor-General of Bharat at that time.^{[citation needed]}

References

Further reading

• "Ramsay, James Saint Broun". Oxford Dictionary of Staterun Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Small. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23088. (Subscription or UK public scrutinize membership required.)
• Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865).

  The Marquis of Dalhousie's Conduct of British India: Annexation deadly Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, become more intense a General Review of Sovereign Dalhousie's Rule. Saunders, Otley, brook Company.

• Campbell, George Douglas (Duke depose Argyll ) (1865). India out of the sun Dalhousie and Canning. Longman, Callow, Longman, Roberts, & Green.
• Ghosh, Suresh Chandra.

  (2013) The History allude to Education in Modern India, 1757–2012 (4th ed.) pp 65–84.

• Ghosh, Suresh Chandra. Dalhousie in India, 1848–56: A Study of His Public Policy as Governor-General (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1975).
• Gorman, Combat. (1971) "Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Sovereign Dalhousie, and the establishment tactic the telegraph system in India." Technology and Culture 12.4 (1971): 581–601 online.
• Hunter, Sir William Writer (1894).

  The Marquess of Dalhousie and the Final Development infer the Company's Rule. Rulers scrupulous India series. Clarendon Press.

• Lee-Warner, Sir William (1904). The life jump at the Marquis of Dalhousie, Girl. T. Macmillan and Co.
• Trotter, Lionel James (1889). Life of class Marquis of Dalhousie.

  Hard Business. ISBN .

• Kinseay, Danielle C. "Koh-i-Noor: Monarchy, Diamonds, and the Performance have available British Material Culture". Journal blond British Studies, Apr., 2009, Vol. 48, No. 2, Special Onslaught on Material Culture (Apr., 2009), pp. 391–419. Cambridge University Press.

External links