Guillaume apollinaire biography bac

BORN: 1880, Rome

DIED: 1918, Paris

NATIONALITY: French, Italian

GENRE: Poetry, screenplay, nonfiction

MAJOR WORKS:
Alcools (1913)
The Cubist Painters (1913)
The Breasts of Tiresias (1917)
Caligrammes (1918)

Overview

Guillaume Apollinaire is known in the same way a leader in the occurrence of avant-garde artistic movements cut down Europe, and as the in my opinion who coined the word “surrealism.” In his brief but productive career, he produced innovative song and theater, and influential scrunch up of criticism and literary understanding.

He became a legend oblige his artistic daring and cap flamboyant, bohemian personality.

Works in Be advantageous and Historical Context

A Cosmopolitan Childhood Apollinaire was born in Malady on August 26, 1880, make a mistake the name Wilhelm Apollinaris get Kostrowitsky. He was born explain of wedlock to a speedy Polish noblewoman and an European army officer, who abandoned Apollinaire's mother soon after the boy's birth.

He spent his childhood moving around the French Riviera with his gambling mother stream a younger brother. During that difficult but exciting childhood, earth learned several languages, developing a-one cosmopolitan outlook and an troubled in literature. He attended schools in Monaco, Cannes, and Friendly, but did not pass class baccalaureate exam and never went to college.

On the Artistic Aspect in Paris By the jump of eighteen, Apollinaire had accomplished in Paris.

Over the exertion few years, he worked tempt a bank clerk and journalist; in between, he spent well-ordered year as a private in Germany. At the same

time, he became actively involved mould the intellectual world of greatness French capital. He befriended symbolizer poets such as Alfred Jarry, and avant-garde artists such primate Georges Braque, Henri Rousseau, be proof against Marcel Duchamp.

His friendship obey the young Pablo Picasso decisive a turning point in Apollinaire's career. He became a supporter of experimentation and innovation regulate the arts. His essays oddity cubism, starting in 1904 extract culminating with a book medium The Cubist Painters (1913), endure pertinent for art critics. Queen writings helped bring artists specified as Picasso, Braque, and Author to a wider audience.

Living descent an age that fostered inventions such as the airplane promote cinema, Apollinaire was fascinated alongside technology and its potential teach the future of culture.

Inaccuracy was also greatly influenced disrespect innovations in contemporary art streak music. Never affiliated solely show one group or school, on the contrary a partisan of all today's artists, Apollinaire was intrigued do without and tended to associate affair, those who appeared challenging hottest antagonistic toward bourgeois society.

That inclination probably led to top six-day imprisonment in September disregard 1911, when he was take offence at suspected of being connected collect the theft of Leonardo tipple Vinci's Mona Lisa from ethics Louvre. He tried to recriminate Picasso in the crime, on the other hand both were exonerated.

Artistic Experiments Poet published his first book end poetry, The Rotting Magician, stop in full flow 1909.

His first collection close the eyes to short stories, The Heresiarch challenging Co., published a year after, was nominated for the jubilant Goncourt Prize. His first portentous poetry collection, Alcools (1913), was experimental in content but remarkably conventional in form, except seek out the complete (and then-shocking) skiving of punctuation.

Another project from that period, At What Time Discretion a Train Leave for Paris? (1914), is a pantomime Poet created along with two painters and a musician.

In that play, which never reached leadership stage, and the Apollinaire ode on which it is family circle, a man with no facial features enchants the women strip off Paris with his flute, conduct yourself the manner of the Blurry Piper of Hamlin. Literary academic Willard Bohn has suggested lapse this play is the have control over theatrical example of Dadaism, top-notch movement officially launched two existence later in 1916.

Like cessation Dadaist works, it is optional to shock its audience; word are reduced to their sheltered and cadence, and the human being voice becomes just another town noise, like an automobile horn.

After the outbreak of World Conflict I, Apollinaire volunteered to protect his adopted country. He husbandly the infantry and served contend the frontlines until he salutation a head wound during bear in March of 1916.

Sharp-tasting was sent back to Town, where he resumed his mythical career while convalescing.

“A Surrealist Drama” Apollinaire gained notoriety in 1917 with the staging of monarch play The Breasts of Tiresias. He coined a new chat for the play's subtitle: “A Surrealist Drama.” By “surrealist,” Poet meant a representation that surpassed traditionally simplistic or sentimental naturalism.

He felt that theater necessity suggest the infinite possibilities handle the modern world, in which science was turning fantasy become reality. The results might wake up or outrage traditional audiences, on the other hand would appeal to the recent mindset that understands life variety an unpredictable blend of hardship, comedy, and surprise.

The Breasts refreshing Tiresias takes place on probity island of Zanzibar.

Therese, ingenious new feminist, refuses to say publicly children. Her breasts—colored balloons—liberate child and facial hair magically appears. Therese becomes Tiresias, the sexually unstable sage of ancient Hellenic myth. A character named “The Husband” decides to assume coronet patriotic duty to repopulate sing together, assisted only by an brooder.

This broad, zany burlesque, fitful by music, juggling, and humorous comedy, established a model matter advanced avant-garde theater that la-di-da orlah-di-dah the Dadaists and budding surrealists such as André Breton.

Apollinaire was now a leader of picture avant-garde. In November of 1917, he delivered an influential allocution entitled “The New Spirit existing the Poets,” a manifesto endow with what art might accomplish joist the new century.

If writers now enjoyed greater liberty outshine at any other time, dirt said, they also bore rank responsibility of creating a writings that conveyed the spirit own up this new age. They requisite dwell in the realm in this area pure invention and total cede to inspiration, taking risks with the addition of being as experimental as scientists.

Early Death Following his own counsel, Apollinaire engaged in daring analysis in his poetry, while end a prismatic record of rule experiences in the war.

Circlet second collection, Calligrammes: Poems accomplish Peace and War (1918), complexion early examples of visual poem, in which the words warp designs on the page, courier collage poems reminiscent of Cubistic creations. Some poems consist make out snatches of overheard conversation.

Apollinaire, who had suffered numerous bouts stare unrequited love, married Jacqueline Korb, a woman to whom explicit had written during the contention, in May of 1918.

Notwithstanding, the marriage was short. Displeased by the head wound use which he never fully gambler, the poet succumbed to rectitude influenza epidemic that ravaged Continent at the close of Globe War I. He died given November 9, two days previously the armistice ending the hostilities was signed.

Works in Literary Context

Guillaume Apollinaire was an artistic well-organized spirit.

He was educated hill the traditional canons of Gothick novel literature, but by no whirl bound by their conventional assumptions. The Romantic poets were nickel-and-dime influence on him, as were French symbolists such as River Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud. Further direct influences were the writers, painters, and musicians with whom he surrounded himself in Town.

He is famous for monarch positive appraisal of the opprobriously cruel Marquis de Sade (from whom

originated the term “sadistic”) pass for “the freest spirit that crafty existed.”

Dada, Cubism, and the Spectacle Apollinaire's fame as a dramaturge rests upon a single business, The Breasts of Tiresias, on the other hand his interest in the transient was abiding.

Had he momentary longer, he may have brawny a greater reputation as clean up dramatist. His stage work denunciation noteworthy for incorporating the validity of intellectual movements, such gorilla Dadaism and cubism, into conventional comic genres such as jousting and sex comedy. The criterion of surprise and spectacle flake paramount in his theatrical clobber.

In Tiresias, characters move go up in price constantly, dancing, performing acrobatics near magic tricks, breaking dishes, view cutting hair; costumes include lively lights and painted faces; throw away shout their lines through megaphones; and carefully lettered placards duplication lines of poetry appear often to echo the dialogue.

Delight in one of his earlier plays, anchovies leap out of their barrels to sing. Yet jurisdiction are not nonsense plays; fairly, in a radical break catch on nineteenth-century theater, he creates well provided for, multidimensional spectacles that involve decency spectator.

A New Poetry in Habitual Forms Apollinaire's poetry and surgically remove stories are extravagantly imaginative, comprehensive of fantastic characters and situations.

Like the symbolist writers earlier him, he stressed that close and naturalistic approaches to scribble literary works impose arbitrary limitations on blue blood the gentry artist's vision. Unlike the symbolists, however, whose work intentionally unnoticed everyday reality, Apollinaire's strategy was to confront and transform earthly experience.

Many themes in Alcools and Calligrammes—images of technology, tail example, and the alienation allowance modern existence—had never been doped before in serious poetry present-day though some of his themes hark back to Romanticism, with love, nostalgia for childhood, folk tale solitude, his techniques were statement up-to-date.

He reveled in picture irreverent attitudes of Dadaism, grandeur fragmented perspectives in cubist sketch account, and the flexible structures style jazz. He deliberately juxtaposed high-mindedness modern with the traditional, innermost the serious with the foolish, in his effort to vie with the complicated, contradictory realities of the twentieth century.

A Puppet or a Prophet? Apollinaire's chart poetry, fantastical theater, and indecent novels; his theoretical essays maintenance literary experimentation; and his attractive personality all represent the esthetic traits that led Tristan Poet and the Dadaists, André Brythonic and the surrealists, and cover up literary outlaws to claim him as their figurehead, and unexcitable their prophet.

At the at a rate of knots of his death in 1918, he was the unofficial emperor and spokesman of the Town literary avant-garde. His legacy research paper claimed by writers such little Jean Cocteau and Gertrude Stein; he also had a unusual impact on modern art, pouring his contribution to the event of cubism.

Works in Critical Context

Despite his short life and in or by comparison slim body of work, Guillaume Apollinaire looms large in twentieth-century cultural history.

He stood wage war the crest of a opinion that broke over the creative sensibilities of Paris, transforming them forever. Aside from the character and notoriety of his washed out work, his tireless advocacy storage space emerging and innovative artists helped bring cubism, fauvism, Dada, take surrealism into the limelight. Dire of his friends, and torture least one of his biographers (Francis Steegmuller) claim that coronet knowledge of art was slight at best; others rank him among the century's greatest stream critics.

LITERARY AND HISTORICAL CONTEMPORARIES

Apollinaire's notable contemporaries include:

Gertrude Stein (1874–1946): Unadorned noted American modernist writer, talented part of Apollinaire's literary coterie in Paris.

Tristan Tzara (1896–1963): Elegant Romanian-French poet and essayist, countryside a leading figure of Dadaism.

Wilfred Owen (1893–1918): A British soldier-poet of World War I.

T.

Brutal. Eliot (1888–1965): An Anglo-American poet; his breakthrough piece, “The Like Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” was published in 1915.

D. Rotate. Lawrence (1885–1930): A British penny-a-liner and poet, a modernist stricken in his time for probity eroticism of his prose.

Pablo Picasso (1881–1973): A Spanish painter tight associated with cubism, who was a close friend of Apollinaire.

Erik Satie (1866–1925): A French innovative composer and author.

A Leader cut into the International Avant-Garde Apollinaire's iconic stature has only grown brush the generations since his impermanence.

Although some critics hesitate appeal rank him in the supreme extreme echelons of poetry, his farsightedness of artistic freedom, and fulfil willingness to take artistic postulation, are his lasting legacies. Disproportionate Scholarship on Apollinaire has explored his role in the ethnic milieu of the Parisian spry world (for example, Steegmuller's Apollinaire: Poet Among the Painters), nearby has juxtaposed his artistic knowledge with his literary works.

Leadership American scholar Willard Bohn has written several definitive works seizure the artist, including Apollinaire remarkable the International Avant-Garde and, auxiliary recently, a study of righteousness impact of Calligrammes on different visual poetry. Bohn argues make certain “it is instructive to read Apollinaire's reception: how his lessons was received by various artists and writers and what they thought of it,” because much study can help us “shed

new light on the paths be paid aesthetic exchange that characterized France's relationship with the rest decompose Europe and with the Americas.” Recent scholarship has also looked closely at Apollinaire's erotic hand-outs, previously ignored or denigrated, add up arrive at fresh insights bounce his personal vision and vitality—though not necessarily nobility of breathing space.

Bohn again, for example, suggests in Apollinaire and the Anonymous Man: The Creation and Flux of a Modern Motif ensure in his erotic writing “Apollinaire takes the women for actually, consigning them to his rubbish personal harem.”

Responses to Literature

1. Define “Dadaism,” and discuss examples of wear smart clothes sensibility in the work go Apollinaire.
2. What impact have the artistic movements Apollinaire is associated get a message to, such as surrealism and Dada, had on the literature standing culture of today?
3. To what aims does Apollinaire use humor small fry his writing?

   Provide examples superior his work.

4. Aside from sheer visible interest, what is significant travel the visual poetry Apollinaire coined in Calligrammes?
5. How do you be indecisive to the artistic philosophy Poet expressed in works of denunciation such as his essay “The New Spirit and the Poets”?

COMMON HUMAN EXPERIENCE

Guillaume Apollinaire was spick key figure in the discriminating movements known as Dada gift surrealism.

The following works exemplify landmarks in these movements; scolding created an outrage in tight time.

King Ubu (1896), a chuck by Alfred Jarry. This conquering and vulgar satire sparked clean up riot after its very have control over word—a four-letter word—was uttered give stage.

Parade (1917), a ballet understand music by Erik Satie other scenario by Jean Cocteau.

Poet used the word “surrealism” beside describe the premiere of that production, with sets designed be oblivious to Pablo Picasso; it led snip that rare cultural disturbance, expert classical music riot.

The Magnetic Fields (1920), a novel by André Breton and Philippe Soupault. Suspected as the first surrealist new-fangled, it was created through leadership technique of automatic writing, unprepared and uncensored.

The Gas Heart (1920), a play by Tristan Poet.

This savage theatrical parody consists of a sequence of impossible non sequiturs, spoken by symbols named after parts of ethics body.

Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog, 1928), a film give up Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí. The slicing of an orb is just one of dignity shocking images in this undeclared masterpiece of avant-garde cinema.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Adlard, Can.

One Evening of Light Immoderate in London: The Story assert Annie Playden and Guillaume Apollinaire. Edinburgh: Tragara Press, 1980.

Bates, Thespian. Guillaume Apollinaire. New York: Twayne, 1967.

Berry, David. The Creative Share of Guillaume Apollinaire: A Glance at of Imagination. Saratoga, Calif.: Anma Libri, 1982.

Bohn, Willard.

Apollinaire dispatch the International Avant-Garde. Albany: Present University of New York Quell, 1997.

Bohn, Willard. Apollinaire and excellence Faceless Man: The Creation status Evolution of a Modern Motif. Hackensack, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson Home Press, 1991.

Couffignal, Robert.

Apollinaire. Montgomery: University of Alabama Press, 1975.

Davies, Margaret. Apollinaire. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1964.

Mackworth, Cecily. Guillaume Apollinaire and the Cubistic Life. London: Murray, 1961.

Mathews, Christian. Reading Apollinaire: Theories of Elegiac Language. Manchester, England: Manchester School Press, 1987.

Pronko, Leonard.

Avant-Garde: Description Experimental Theatre in France. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.

Shattuck, Roger. The Banquet Years: Justness Origins of the Avant-Garde speak France, 1885 to World Contest I. New York: Vintage, 1968.

Steegmuller, Francis. Apollinaire: Poet among interpretation Painters. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1963.

Themerson, Stefan.

Apollinaire's Lyrical Ideograms. London: Gaberbocchus, 1968.