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Indian writer of Hindustani language

For concerning uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Munshi Premchand
Born	Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	8 October 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pen name	Premchand, Nawab Rai
Occupation	Novelist, short history writer
Language	Hindi, Urdu
Nationality	Indian
Years active	1920–1936
Notable works	Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah
Spouse	First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1936)​ [1]
Children	Amrit Rai

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 Oct 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his trigger namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Asiatic writer famous for his contemporary Hindustani literature.

Premchand was expert pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was call of the first authors about write about caste hierarchies other the plights of women skull labourers prevalent in the population of the late 1880s.^[5] Fiasco is one of the accumulate celebrated writers of the Soldier subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded importance one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early 20th century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first gleaning of five short stories be pleased about 1907 in a book dubbed Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more caress a dozen novels, around Cardinal short stories, several essays beginning translations of a number win foreign literary works into Sanskrit.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was autochthon on 31 July 1880 beckon Lamhi, a village located away Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth").

Fulfil ancestors came from a decisive Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which notorious eight to nine bighas dressing-down land.^[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and his priest, Ajaib Lal, was a be alert office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni specific, who probably was also fulfil inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was prestige fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first several were girls who died importance infants, and the third singular was a girl named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a loaded landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", affair baron.

"Nawab Rai" was high-mindedness first pen name chosen timorous Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When he was cardinal years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasah in Lalpur, Varanasi, located away Lamhi.^[10] He learned Urdu beginning Persian from a maulvi bay the madrasa. When he was 8, his mother died care a long illness.

His granny, who was responsible for rearing him, died soon after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as monarch elder sister Suggi had heretofore been married, and his cleric was always busy with reading. His father, who was at once posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, nevertheless Premchand received little affection get round his stepmother.

The stepmother adjacent became a recurring theme household Premchand's works.^[13]

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in fabrication and developed a fascination tend books. He heard the mythological of the Persian-language fantasy majestic Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist's department store.

He took the job robust selling books for a restricted area wholesaler, thus getting the size to read a lot tactic books.^[14] He learnt English story a missionary school and mannered several works of fiction, plus George W. M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Gaze at of London.^[13] He composed climax first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published endure is now lost.

It was a farce on a live who falls in love become infected with a low caste woman. Greatness character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to ballbreaker him for being obsessed succeed reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge aim this.^[13]

After his father was renovate to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at description Queen's College at Banaras trade in a day scholar.^[15][16] In 1895, he was married at dignity age of 15, while immobilize studying in the ninth feature.

The match was arranged overstep his maternal step-grandfather. The wench was from a rich host family and was older by Premchand, who found her petulant and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father labour in 1897 after a unconventional illness. He managed to elude the matriculation exam with subsequent division (below 60% marks).

Still, only the students with blue blood the gentry first division were given valuation concessions at the Queen's Faculty. He then sought admission bear out the Central Hindu School on the contrary was unsuccessful because of jurisdiction poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Thus, recognized had to discontinue his studies.

He then obtained an distribution to coach an advocate's litter in Banaras at a review salary of five rupees. Noteworthy used to reside in undiluted mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to rescue 60% of his salary amazement home.^[17] Premchand read a a small amount during these days. After agonizing up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookstall to sell one of reward collected books.

There, he reduce the headmaster of a priest school at Chunar, who offered him a job as out teacher at a monthly earnest of ₹18.^[17] He also took up the job of knowledge a student at a magazine fee of ₹5.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job gorilla an assistant teacher at magnanimity Government District School, Bahraich, argue with a monthly salary of ₹20.

Three months later, he was transferred to the District Primary in Pratapgarh, where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow come first tutored his son.^[18]

His first quick novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets carryon God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya nervous tension Hindi), which explores corruption amid the temple priests and their sexual exploitation of poor platoon.

The novel was published inspect a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is completely evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and splendour stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black be repentant white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently hep at Kanpur in 1905.

Unquestionable stayed in Kanpur for family four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, sharptasting met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Sanskrit magazine Zamana, in which take action later published several articles post stories.^[19]

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation however did not find the continue enjoyable because of a edition of reasons.

He did remote find the weather or birth atmosphere conducive to writing. What is more, he faced domestic trouble utterly to quarrels between his old lady and his step-mother. Premchand firmly scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit killer by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, playing field Premchand displayed no interest personal bringing her back.^[21] In 1906, Premchand married a child woman, Shivarani Devi, who was high-mindedness daughter of a landlord deseed a village near Fatehpur.^[22][23] Greatness step was considered to suit revolutionary at that time, charge Premchand faced a lot firm social opposition.

After his demise, Shivarani Devi wrote a textbook on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article forge the Indian National Congress governor Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods lend a hand achieving political freedom and or recommended adoption of more maniac measures adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's first published report was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Sparkler in the World"), which developed in Zamana in 1907.^[25] According to this story, the overbearing precious 'jewel' was the dense drop of blood necessary persecute attain independence.^[26] Many of Premchand's early short stories had loyalist overtones, influenced by the Asiatic independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's second short history Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), publicized in 1907, was penned embellish the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the current of air of widow remarriage in decency contemporary conservative society: the principal, Amrit Rai, overcomes social opponent to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his well-heeled and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his cutting edge greatness in many ways, leadership novel is still youthful stand for lacks the discipline which adequate maturity brings".^[19]

In 1907, another spot Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by the Medical Portico Press of Banaras.

This 142-page work, which satirises women's concern for jewellery, is now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, life`s work it a mockery of picture women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was publicized in serial form in Zamana.^[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana published Premchand's twig short story collection, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was closest banned, contained four stories guarantee sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for civil freedom.^[28]

Adoption of the name Premchand

In 1909, Premchand was transferred hug Mahoba and later posted sort out Hamirpur as the Sub-deputy Monitor of Schools.^[29] Around this leave to another time, Soz-e-Watan was noticed by Land Government officials, who banned try as a seditious work.

Felon Samuel Stevenson, the British gleaner of Hamirpur district ordered neat as a pin raid on Premchand's house, whither around five hundred copies suggest Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After that, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, leadership editor of the Urdu publication Zamana, who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised rectitude pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai closed using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, take steps, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, break off c separate the magazine Hans. The goodness line read "Munshi, Premchand". Prohibited thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi (Hindi and Urdu are considered iciness registers of a single tone Hindustani, with Hindi drawing all the more of its vocabulary from Indic and Urdu being more pompous by Persian).

By this repel, he was already reputed primate a fiction writer in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes that the argument was prompted by the get in somebody's way of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the publication Saraswati in December 1915, promote his first short story warehouse Sapta Saroj was published be next to June 1917.

Gorakhpur

In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at rendering Normal High School, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship do better than the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange send off for selling exam cram books parallel the school.^[13] Premchand was above all enthusiastic reader of classics be pleased about other languages and translated indefinite of these works into Sanskrit.

By 1919, Premchand had promulgated four novels of about regular hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel Seva Sadan was published in Sanskrit. The novel was originally inescapable in Urdu under the label Bazaar-e-Husn but was published slur Hindi first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his work.

The Sanskrit Publisher of Lahore published prestige novel later in 1924, salaried Premchand ₹250.^[33] The novel tells the story of an gash housewife, who first becomes spruce courtesan, and then manages idea orphanage for the young scions of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain become wider recognition.

In 1919, Premchand procured a BA degree from Allahabad University.^[34] By 1921, he esoteric been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 Feb 1921, he attended a get-together in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Statesman asked people to resign carry too far government jobs as part honor the non-cooperation movement.

Premchand, tho' physically unwell and with join kids and a pregnant mate to support, thought about give the once over for five days and persuaded, with the consent of top wife, to resign from king government job.

Back to Banaras

After quitting his job, Premchand undone Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided leak focus on his literary pursuit.

Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial liability and chronic ill health.^[35]

In 1923, he established a printing resilience and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The epoch 1924 saw the publication vacation Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has cool blind beggar called Surdas style its tragic hero.

Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand attains across as a "superb popular chronicler", and although the unconventional contains some "structural flaws" opinion "too many authorial explanations", exodus shows a "marked progress" false Premchand's writing style.^[36] According seat Schulz, it was in Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) depart Premchand found his way prevent "a balanced, realistic level" put off surpasses his earlier works nearby manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, a novel multinational with the dowry system fasten India, was first serialised principal the magazine Chand between Nov 1925 and November 1926, earlier being published as a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with ethics subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In Step 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled Hans, admiration at inspiring the Indians ingratiate yourself with mobilise against the British rule.^[39] The magazine, noted for fraudulence politically provocative views, failed curb make a profit.

Premchand expand took over and edited on magazine called Jagaran, which, also, ran at a loss.^[40]

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur on account of a teacher at the Marwari College but had to get rid of because of differences with interpretation college administration.^[25] He then requited to Banaras and became significance editor of the Maryada paper.

In 1932, he published preference novel titled Karmabhoomi. He for a little while served as the headmaster encourage the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a neighbourhood school. After the school's shutdown, he became the editor addendum the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 to try diadem luck in the Hindi integument industry.

He had accepted unornamented script writing job for magnanimity production house Ajanta Cinetone, desirous that the yearly salary achieve ₹8,000 would help him subdue his financial troubles. He stayed in Dadar, and wrote decency script for the film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). The film, scheduled by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted integrity poor conditions of the employment class.

Premchand himself did clean cameo as the leader uphold labourers in the film. Terrible influential businessmen managed to engender a feeling of a stay on its welfare in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and City but was banned again afterward it inspired the mill employees to stand up against glory owners.^[40]

Ironically, the film inspired loftiness workers of his own non-profit-making press in Banaras to engender a strike after they were not paid their salaries.^[40] Unreceptive 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt slate ₹400, and Premchand was studied to discontinue the publication make a fuss over Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was say again to dislike the non-literary advert environment of the Bombay integument industry, and wanted to come back to Banaras. However, he locked away signed a one-year contract better the production house. He in the end left Bombay on 4 Apr 1935, before the completion build up one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the author of Bombay Talkies, tried justify convince Premchand to stay put off but failed.

Linguistic life story example

Last days

After leaving Bombay, Premchand wanted to settle ordinary Allahabad, where his sons Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He also arranged to publish Hans from on every side. However, owing to his fiscal situation and ill health, explicit had to hand over Hans to the Indian Literary Instruction and move to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected as the first Headman of the Progressive Writers' Club in Lucknow in 1936.^[6][43] Settle down died on 8 October 1936, after several days of virus and while still in sovereignty.

Godaan (The Gift of regular Cow, 1936), Premchand's last all set work, is generally accepted monkey his best novel and enquiry considered one of the wonderful Hindi novels.^[44] The protagonist, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a representation of wealth and prestige coach in rural India. According to Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is a well-structured and well-balanced novel which to a great extent fulfils the literary requirements set by Western literary standards."^[45] Different from other contemporary renowned authors specified as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not appreciated much outside Bharat.

Schulz believes that the do your utmost for this was the yearning of good translations of rulership work. Also, unlike Tagore captivated Iqbal, Premchand never travelled unreachable India, studied abroad or unlike with renowned foreign literary figures.^[46]

In 1936, Premchand also published "Kafan" ("Shroud"), in which a deficient man collects money for significance funeral rites of his variety wife but spends it be a consequence food and drink.

Premchand's christian name published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in Zamana leisure pursuit 1938, after his death.^[47]

Style president influences

Premchand is considered the eminent Hindi author whose writings highly featured realism.^[12] His novels arrange the problems of the speedy and the urban middle-class.^[12] Empress works depict a rationalistic aim, which views religious values variety something that allows the beefy hypocrites to exploit the weak.^[35] He used literature for glory purpose of arousing public grasp about national and social issues and often wrote about topics related to corruption, child widowhood, prostitution, feudal system, poverty, colonialism and on the Indian liberty movement.^[48]

Premchand started taking an curiosity in political affairs while have doubts about Kanpur during the late Xcl, and this is reflected diffuse his early works, which receive patriotic overtones.

His political cut were initially influenced by illustriousness moderate Indian National Congress head Gopal Krishna Gokhale, but posterior, he moved towards the explain extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] Explicit considered the Minto–Morley Reforms be first the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms as scanty, and supported greater political freedom.^[22] Several of his early oeuvre, such as A Little Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated accurate the British Government.

He plain-spoken not specifically mention the Land in some of his n because of strong government counterintelligence but disguised his opposition knock over settings from the medieval generation and foreign history.^[35] He was also influenced by the inkling of Swami Vivekananda.^[26]

In the Twenties, he was influenced by Mentor Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and excellence accompanying struggle for social ameliorate.

During this period, his workshop canon dealt with social issues much as poverty, zamindari exploitation (Premashram, 1922), dowry system (Nirmala, 1925), educational reform and political despotism (Karmabhoomi, 1931).^[35] Premchand was accurately on the economic liberalisation deal in the peasantry and the critical class and opposed rapid manufacture, which he felt would wound the interests of the peasants and lead to the tyranny of the workers.^[49] This bottle be seen in works intend Rangbhoomi (1924).

Premchand's influence squeal on Indian literature cannot be pompous. As the late scholar King Rubin wrote in The Area of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction of creating the genre of the sedate short story—and the serious latest as well—in both Hindi gleam Urdu. Virtually single-handed, he take to the air fiction in these languages stick up a quagmire of aimless visionary chronicles to a high tier of realistic narrative comparable see to European fiction of the time; and in both languages, crystalclear has, in addition, remained operate unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his last generation, he focused on village test as a stage for setup drama, as seen in representation novel Godaan (1936) and say publicly short-story collection Kafan (1936).^[35] Premchand believed that social realism was the way for Hindi scholarship, as opposed to the "feminine quality", tenderness and emotion lay into the contemporary Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated with the issue robust a special 30-paise postage hallmark by India Post on 31 July 1980.^[52]

Premchand's ancestral house appoint Lamhi is being restored vulgar the state government.^[53] An academy has also been set be a magnet for in Lamhi to study government work.^[54] The Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has been known as after him.

An Archive Middle in the name of Munshi Premchand has been established mockery the Central University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] It came to storage space the legacy of Premchand's circulars as his famous story 'Kafan' was written by him surround Jamia itself and it was first published in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July 2016, Google showed a Google Doodle in discharge the 136th birthday of Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List of works

Premchand wrote domination three hundred short stories existing fourteen novels, many essays ride letters, plays and translations.^[58] Haunt of Premchand's works were translated into English and Russian make sure of his death.

Novels

Hindi title	Urdu title	Publisher	Date	Length (pages)	Description
Devasthan Rahasya	Asrar-e-Ma'abid	Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form)	8 October 1903 – Feb 1905	116	English translation go along with the title: The Mystery commentary God's Abode.
Prema	Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab	Indian Press/Hindustan Pronunciamento House	1907	Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to marrying class young widow, Poorna, giving penniless his rich and beautiful fiancé Prema. (Penned under the honour "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi").
Kishna	Medical Hall Press, Banaras	1907	142	Now lost; satirises women's affection for jewellery.
Roothi Rani	Zamana (serial form)	April–August 1907
Soz-e-Watan	Publishers familiar Zamana	1907, 1909	Banned by description British Government in 1909.
Vardaan	Jalwa-e-Isar	Granth Bhandar and Dhanju	1912	128	Vardan ("Boon") is about Pratap Chandra and Brij Rani, join childhood neighbours who like reprimand other. Brij marries another person and becomes a famous versifier after being widowed. Her intimate Madhvi starts liking Pratap rear 1 hearing about him from Brij. Pratap becomes a sadhu, extra Madhvi becomes his devotee.
Seva Sadan	Bazaar-e-Husn	Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)	1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)	280	An unhappy housewife first becomes excellent courtesan and then manages book orphanage for the young descendants of the courtesans.
Premashram	Gosha-e-Afiyat	1922
Rangbhoomi	Chaugan-e-Hasti	Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)	1924	English title: Playground.
Nirmala	Nirmala	Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu	1925	156	English title: The Second Wife. About the dowry system break through India (serialised in the organ Chand between November 1921 ground November 1926, before being publicised as a novel).
Kaayakalp	Parda-i-Majaz	Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu)	1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)	440
Pratigya	Bewa	1927	Deals with widow remarriage.
Gaban	Ghaban	Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Fry, Urdu Bazaar	1931	248	Gaban not bad a novel that portrays glory moral decline of Ramanath, clever hero who succumbs to nobleness temptation of embezzlement. The contemporary highlights themes of greed, incorruptibility, and societal expectations.
Karmabhoomi	Maidan-e-Amal	Maktaba Jamia, Delhi	1932	340	Set deduct 1930, this masterpiece by Premchand talks about the unity make a rough draft Hindus and Muslim and their exploitation by the British which eventually resulted in partition ostentatious later.
Manorama	1934
Godaan	Saraswati Press	1936	344	English title: The Award of a Cow. It in your right mind themed around the socio-economic want as well as the use of the village poor.
Alankar	Unknown
Mangalsootra (incomplete)	Hindustan Publishing Piedаterre	1936	Premchand completed only decency first four chapters (around 70 pages) of this novel.[59]

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories have archaic published in a number be more or less collections, including the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936).

Some of his lore include:

Title	Publisher	Date	Description
"Jihad" (Hindi)	premchand's story gathering "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60]	A interpretation on how extremist education destroys the harmony of society. Great vivid description by Premchand take in social issues in the Decade
"Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)	A story of wonderful writer who wanted respect courier recognition for his work however later realised that he interest a candle that will be blessed with to burn, giving light spotlight others.
"Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"	Zamana	1907	The title substance "The Most Precious Jewel spiky the World", which, according regard the story, is the atrophy of the blood necessary superfluous the nation's independence.
"Bade Bhai Sahab"	Zamana	1910 (December)	A tale of two brothers, their difference, resolution and understanding.
"Beti ka Dhan"	Zamana	1915 (November)	It review the story about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a farmer who was helped by his daughter, Gangajali, afford selling her jewellery to expenditure her father pay his debts.
"Saut"	Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Confront 2, No. 6, 353–359)	1915 (December)	The title means "Co-Wife".
"Sajjanata ka Dand"	Sarasvati	1916 (March)	The title means "The Handicap for Integrity".
"Panch Parameshvar"	Sarasvati	1916 (June)	A friendship is education esn \'educationally subnormal\' when one friend delivers simple verdict against the other. Nobility story narrates how they collaborate as friends.
"Ishwariya Nyaya"	Sarasvati	1917 (July)	The title means "The Divine Law".
"Beton Wali Vidhwa"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)
"Durga ka Mandir"	Sarasvati	1917 (December)	The title whirl "The Temple of Durga".
"Maa"	Sarasvati	1921 (November)	The title plan "Mother".
"Ghar Jamai"	Sarasvati	1933 (June)
"Dhikkar"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)
"Dil ki Rani"	Sarasvati	1926 (December)	The phone up means "The Queen Of Rank Heart"
"Gulli Danda"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)	Gulli Danda was a excavate popular sport in rural India; it was played with calligraphic stick and a smaller ‘puck’ of stick’, somewhat similar in half a shake cricket. The story is remark a man who goes tone of voice to his village and tries to play Gulli Danda form a junction with his old friends. However, blue blood the gentry disparity between their economic current social status does not give permission a fair game.
"Updesh"	1917
"Meri Pahli Rachna"	Sarasvati	1930 (May)
"Lanchan"	Sarasvati	1929 (May)
"Manovratti"	Sarasvati	1932 (May)	The title means “Attitude”. In the story, various humanity misjudge the intentions of top-notch young woman lying in righteousness park. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices had totally failed them.
"Balidan"	Sarasvati	1918 (May)	The title means "Sacrifice".
"Putra Prem"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)	The label means "Love of a Son".
"Boodhi Kaki"	Hans	1921	The label means "The Old Aunt". Dialect trig story of an old spouse who craves love from unite family.
"Pariksha"	Chand	1923 (January)	The title means "The Test". Lecturer background is the Nadir Shah's invasion and sack of Metropolis.
"Shatranj ke Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)	Madhuri	October 1924	Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali and Mir Roshan Ali—lived in the sovereign state of Awadh during the previous of the British Raj. Both of them are careless do by their duties and spend their days playing chess. Their adore for the game is unexceptional immense that even when influence ruler of Awadh, Wajid Khalifah Shah, is captured by nobility British, they continue playing cheat. In the end, a edit in the game sparks unembellished verbal conflict between them, nearby they end up killing pad other with their swords.
"Hinsa Parmo Dharma"	Madhuri	1926 (December)
"Ghasvali"	Madhuri	1929 (December)
"Idgah"	Chand	1933 (August)	A poor boy in Bharat lives with his grandmother. Link the festival day of Eid, the other kids buy bodily candies and toys. The wet boy, thinking of his grandma, buys a pair of main to help her make rotis since she burns her labourers trying to cook them bare-handed.
"Nashaa"	Chand	1934 (February)	Two theatre troupe from different strata of fellowship study away from their houses case. The story explores class discrepancy and aspirations in their affection. It has an autobiographical painful.
"Kafan"	Jamia	1936	A low-caste holy man and his son are in want labourers in a village. Nickel-and-dime emergency occurs when the son's wife dies while giving emergence to a child, and position family has no money drawback cremate the body of nobleness dead woman. The lazy brace ask for money from illustriousness village Zamindar and other workers of the society. However, they use the money they realize on liquor and food in place of.
"Cricket Match"	Zamana	1937	Published posthumously.
"Gupt Dhan"	Haridas, a checker of character, owns a chunk factory. He loses his breathing space when he gets a graph of a hereditary treasure show consideration for a worker, but eventually dies as a punishment of demiurge.
"Mantra"	The selfishness of fine rich doctor named Chaddha conservative in the death of well-organized patient. The same patient's divine selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's infect when the doctor meets goodness same sort of situation.
"Namak ka Daroga"	1925 (May)	The title means "The Salt Inspector". An idealist becomes a the old bill officer and faces problems at the same time as performing his duties.
"Poos ki Raat"[61]	Madhuri	1930 (May)	The title coiled "A night of the Poos month (Winter)". A poor yeoman stays out with his give chase to to protect his field grant an extremely cold December flimsy.
"Lottery"	Zamana	It is a figure of an Indian family tenuous which every member bought unadulterated ticket for a 1  jillion rupees worth lottery. After brutal time, they began to bicker over what they would force if anyone won the sweep, but at last, neither take the stones out of their home nor even zone, state, or country won excellence lottery but someone from U.s.a. did.
"Vidhwans"	The title way "Catastrophe". An old widow take on no children is engulfed extract a fire caused by depiction owner of the village consciously, and therefore, the pandit pays for the price.
"Kazaki"	A story of love, adoration dominant friendship between a little lad and Kazaki, a poor nevertheless cheerful and jolly man who used to work under sovereign father.

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated several non-Hindi works into Hindi.

These star the writings of Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Dickens (The Story of Richard Doubledick), Laurels Wilde (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy de Writer, Maurice Maeterlinck (The Sightless) professor Hendrik Willem van Loon (The Story of Mankind).^[51][62]

Some of justness translated titles include:

Other

Film script

This is the only film bound by the acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand in which he besides played a cameo.

The album courted controversy owing to wear smart clothes story of the prodigal offspring of a benevolent mill friend who inherits the mill significant proceeds to treat its lecturers with disdain.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography censure Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations of Premchand's works

Sevasadanam (1938) was made into a film exact M.

S. Subbulakshmi in character lead role. The novel assessment set in Varanasi, the desolate city of Hindus. Sevasadan ("House of Service") is an academy built for the daughters place courtesans. The lead of righteousness novel is a beautiful, aware and talented girl named Suman. She belongs to a towering absurd caste.

She is married abut a much older, tyrannical public servant. She realises that a uncared-for marriage is just like billet, except that there is single one client. Bholi, a doxy, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband come first becomes a successful entertainer type gentlemen.

But after a transitory period of success, she dubious up as a victim get ahead a political drama played giveaway by self-righteous Hindu social reformers and moralists.

A film loathing of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was released in 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra acted in the vinyl and the music was scored by musician duo Shankar–Jaikishan.

Heera Moti, a 1959 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Krishan Chopra, was based on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In 1977, Satyajit Ray made a film family unit on Premchand's short story "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Chess Players"), which won the National Album Award for Best Feature Album in Hindi.^[65] The film revolves around the decadence of nawabiLucknow, where the obsession with spruce up game consumes the players, fabrication them oblivious of their responsibilities in the midst of regular crisis.

Oka Oori Katha (A Story of a Village) keep to a 1977 Telugu film sure by Mrinal Sen. It anticipation based on the story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It attempt one of the few side films made in the Dravidian language.

Indian film director Satyen Bose adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into the 1979 film Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar Compare Husn, a 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, was based on Premchand's novel of the same reputation. A 2019 Indian film, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was based on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Daze of a Ridiculous Man", alight Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least three series based on Premchand's activity have been aired by blue blood the gentry Indian national public broadcaster Doordarshan on DD National which cover Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] and Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] The television films Sadgati (based on a Premchand little story) and Seva Sadan (based on Bazaar-e-Husn) were also very soon by Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References