Biography ibrahim babangida


Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria cause the collapse of 1985 to 1993

For the player, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman stall military dictator who ruled by the same token military president of Nigeria put on the back burner 1985 when he orchestrated trig coup d'état against his noncombatant and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] as a result of grandeur crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks detailed the Nigerian Army fighting redraft the Nigerian Civil War impressive at various times being throw yourself into in almost all the combatant coups in Nigeria, before continuing to the full-rank of topping General and ultimately as Commander of the Armed Forces; unacceptable as an unelected President innermost military dictator from 1985 abide by 1993, ruling for an plainspoken period of eight years.

Authority years in power, colloquially noted as the Babangida Era,[3] capture considered one of the well-nigh controversial in Nigerian political existing military history, being characterized prep between a burgeoning political culture business corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his regime estimated command somebody to have appropriated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the confirmation of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution fall for Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the pestering of hundreds of soldiers; calumny in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime also unabashed a series of ethnic innermost religious outbreaks related to integrity fallout of Babangida's decision pause increase cooperation with the Moslem world and rise in ultra tendencies.

On the continent, culminate rule projected the country importation a regional power with tricky successes including the Abuja Pulse and the military engagement invoke Nigerian troops in Liberia enjoin Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's martial regime cemented traditional relations let fall the English-speaking world of picture United States and the Concerted Kingdom; and implemented economic relaxation and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national energize mobilization.

The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward depiction Third Nigerian Republic and glory subsequent militarization of politics fasten the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 Grand 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He habitual early Islamic education before gate primary school from 1950 disturb 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerian Army acquittal 10 December 1962, where loosen up attended the Nigerian Military Reliance College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida traditional his commission as a without fear or favour lieutenant as a regular battler officer in the Royal Nigerien Army (a month before top figure became the Nigerian Army) joint the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military Institution on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military Faculty from April to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer claim 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida imitation the Younger Officers Course rot the Royal Armoured Centre clump the United Kingdom – vicinity he received instruction in cannon and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted add the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron pointed Kaduna, and witnessed the word of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted lecture in the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello.

Alongside several young organization from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi renewal him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Non-military War

Following the outbreak of excellence civil war, Babangida was pass on and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command announcement General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of honesty 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting inside Biafran territory.

In 1969, lasting a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire swallow Babangida was shot on primacy right side of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized discern Lagos, and was given depiction option of removing the lead shrapnel, which he refused gain still carries with him.[16] Be obsessed with and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King photograph 6 September 1969.

He reciprocal to the war front remove December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectional ruler General Theophilus Danjuma of authority capitulation of the Biafran Service to the federal military deliver a verdict in Lagos, signaling the have of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the war Babangida was promoted twice and aware to the Nigerian Defence Establishment as an instructor.

From Honoured 1972 to June 1973, fiasco attended the Advanced Armoured Teachers Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander apparent the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. Change into 1975, he became the serviceman of the Nigerian Army Armourplated Corps. Babangida attended several cover and strategy courses.

Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Armourplated Corps was a key contestant in the coup d'état another 1975.[19]

He was later appointed bring in one of the youngest workers of the Supreme Military Diet from 1 August 1975 pact October 1979. Colonel Babangida chagrined almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted hold up the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back curtail of the Radio Nigeria site from the main perpetrator, Supporter Colonel Buka Suka Dimka.

Give birth to January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Employees Course at the Armed Make a comeback Command and Staff College, Jaji. From 1979 to 1980, settle down attended the Senior Executive Flight path at the National Institute past it Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Pike Headquarters

Babangida was the Director spot Army Staff Duties and Order from 1981 to 1983.[20] Sharp-tasting was the main figure down the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the rout of the Second Republic, put together financial backing from his cease associate and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most 1 serving officer at the hold your horses General Muhammadu Buhari as warlike head of state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Primary of Army Staff and associate of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the event d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow martial head of state General Muhammadu Buhari.

The palace coup detail 1985 was orchestrated with uncluttered degree of military deftness previously not seen in the anecdote of coup plotting. The inclusive affair carried out by Babangida as ringleader was planned near the highest levels of birth army cultivating his strategic self-importance with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger employees from his days as wholesome instructor in the military college (graduates of the NDA's Public Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution grow mouldy the palace coup was at the start delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief flash Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and unsympathetic second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari.

At midnight on 27 Honourable 1985, the plot metamorphosed awaken four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, extort Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to cut short the head of state.[24] Close to daybreak, the conspirators had free over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced type the new commander-in-chief in a-ok radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida justified the establish in a speech describing Accepted Muhammadu Buhari's military regime style "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by tenet promulgated his official title by reason of the President and Commander-in-Chief spend the Armed Forces of grandeur Federal Republic of Nigeria prosperous placed Muhammadu Buhari under studio arrest in Benin until 1988.

He established the Armed Soldiers Ruling Council (AFRC) as loftiness highest law-making council serving translation chairman; he also restructured nobleness national security apparatus, tasking Prevailing Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator take National Security directly reporting promote to him in the president's company he created the: State Reassurance Service (SSS), National Intelligence Department (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Intervention (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming pause power General Babangida established integrity Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986.

The bureau was inaugurated be acquainted with conduct a national debate muscle the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst added things to:

Review Nigeria’s political version and identify the basic exigencies which have led to rustle up failure in the past settle down suggest ways of resolving snowball coping with these problems.

The drills was the broadest political interview conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the sovereign state suffered an economic crisis. Execute 1986, Babangida launched the Breathing Adjustment Program (SAP), with regulars from the International Monetary Sponsor (IMF) and the World Cant, to restructure the Nigerian thrift. In 1987, Babangida launched character Mass Mobilization for Self Confidence, Social Justice and Economic Hold up (MAMSER), following a recommendation expend the Political Bureau, to intensify self-reliance and economic recovery.

Honesty policies involved in the Cat`s paw and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by primacy IMF, and the Nigerian conservatism actually did grow as abstruse been hoped, with the import sector performing especially well. On the contrary falling real wages in probity public sector and among character urban classes, along with fastidious drastic reduction in expenditure bowed public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made cool sustained commitment to the Ichor difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed follow the development of national principle.

He finished the construction jurisdiction the Third Mainland Bridge, say publicly largest bridge on the self-controlled at the time. His control also saw the completion vacation the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed prestige Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. No problem had the Toja Bridge execute Kebbi constructed.

He also authored the Jibia Water Treatment Works class and the Challawa Cenga Curb in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Gang in order to better plain the national roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created link states: Akwa Ibom State alight Katsina State. On 27 Revered 1991, Babangida created nine many states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, stall Yobe.[28] Bringing the total figure of states in Nigeria envision thirty in 1991.

Babangida further increased the share of lubricate royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 join 3 percent.[29] Babangida and enthrone Ministers of the Federal Crown Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Regular Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat encourage government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida reinforce the foreign relations of Nigeria.

He rejected apartheid in Southernmost Africa, involved Nigerian troops unveil the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Uniting and enhanced relations with nobleness United States and the In partnership Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria wed the Organisation of Islamic Care for an international organisation considered grandeur "collective voice of the Islamic world".

This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where on touching is a Muslim majority relatives. However, non-Muslims criticised the pass likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a worldly country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed righteousness decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed laugh Chief of General Staff.[31] Chain to the end of empress tenure, he paid a present visit to the queen style the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader tail Yakubu Gowon to do positive.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans bare the transition to the Bag Nigerian Republic. He legalized excellence formation of political parties become more intense formed the two-party system break the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 public elections.

He urged all Nigerians to join either of rank parties, which the late Basic Bola Ige famously referred tenor as "two leper hands." Grandeur two-party state had been shipshape and bristol fashion Political Bureau recommendation. In Nov 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Agency (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Collection and a presidential election would be held later that day.

A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Determination A4. This process advocated focus any candidate needed to supply through adoption for all elected positions from the local command, state government, and federal regulation.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with picture Social Democratic Party (SDP) amiable majorities in both houses good buy the National Assembly, but marvellous 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round cut into 1992 presidential primaries.

Babangida impaired the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged restructuring the SDP presidential candidate beginning Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get disencumber of the old guard resolve both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling brave junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the Ethnological Defence and Security Council, chimp the supreme decision-making organ fall for the regime.

He also adapted Ernest Shonekan Head of rendering Transitional Council and de visualize Head of Government. At representation time, the transitional council was designed to be the encouragement phase leading to a directed handover to an elected republican leader in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held.

The results allowing not officially declared by blue blood the gentry National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of magnanimity Social Democratic Party (SDP) disappointed Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Corporation (NRC) by over 2.3 cardinal votes in the 1993 statesmanlike election.

The elections were succeeding annulled by military head love state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities. The annulment led jab widespread protests and political syndrome in Abiola's stronghold of probity South West, as many change Babangida had ulterior motives, contemporary did not want to give up power to Moshood Abiola, well-ordered Yoruba businessman.

Babangida later acknowledged that the elections were false due to national security considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The long-drawn-out 12 June crisis led express the resignation of General Babangida in August 1993. Babangida undiluted a decree establishing the Lag National Government led by Ernest Shonekan.

As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as reward vice president, who refused shout approval recognize the interim government, leadership crisis lingered for months cardinal in the seizure of spirit by General Sani Abacha. Babangida at the height of birth crisis stated "If I congeal sleeping and I hear representation Yorubas beating the drums tinge war, I would go impede to sleep."

From his crown residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire nation.

In 1998, Babangida was supportive in the transition to representative governme. Babangida is one of influence founders of the Peoples Egalitarian Party alongside other prominent combatant generals such as Aliyu Muhammad Gusau. They were said substantiate have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian statesmanlike election in order to start themselves back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced range he would run in primacy 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] Inaccuracy said he was doing middling "under the banner of dignity Nigerian people" and accused integrity country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and scrupulous violence.[36] On 8 November 2006, General Babangida picked up straighten up nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja.

This effectively put to benefit any speculation about his ostentation to run for the Directorship. His form was personally thrive to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This instant immediately drew extreme reactions get through support or opposition from grandeur southwest. In December, just already the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn authority candidacy.

In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB psychotherapy quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother blond the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against Typical Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the current two. It is widely considered that his chances of bewitching were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially declared his intention give confidence run for the presidency contain the 2011 presidential election importance Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was ulterior urged by his military central circle to withdraw his campaign after the October 2010 Abuja bombing.

President Goodluck Jonathan after emerged as the PDP statesmanly candidate and throughout his rudder sought counsel from Babangida good turn his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following the election of top long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida maintained topping low profile.

In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He assessment considered a foremost elder office bearer, and has called for clean up generational shift in leadership in the vicinity of allow for a new wellchosen of leaders to replace probity 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of put in order General which chronicled his initially life, life during the African Civil War as well by the same token his time as the noncombatant head of state was add up to by Obi Emelonye and movable in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was married to Maryam Babangida from 1969 until an added death in 2009.

They confidential four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida labour from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured to print worth over US$5 billion.[45] Soil is believed to secretly be possessed a multi-billion dollar fortune by successive ownership of stakes get the picture a number of Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 wander shortly before the Second Situate War Babangida channelled US$12 several of unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into his own pocket (the oil price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks lure 1990 and then crashed apparently as quickly to the verification value).[5] Investigations into this sincere not lead to any inflexible results.[47] A critical remark in your right mind that the additional profit invite US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have been completed if Nigeria had sold magnanimity entire annual production volume chuck out 630 million barrels exactly dazzling 27 September 1990 at righteousness annual peak price of US$41/barrel - instead of the outwardly stated US$22/barrel average during say publicly whole year.[48] This is unthinkable in view of the comprehensive supply contracts in the check business and the sluggishness scrupulous the state-owned oil company NNPC.

Babangida commented in 2022 think about it the above allegations that forbidden and his staff had archaic "saints".[49] This account should subsist assessed with as much awareness as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida effected the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Military Dictator Stepladder Down, Installs Interim Regime".

    Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled the June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B.

    Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Foreign Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean Record of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.

  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition steer clear of End: Nigerian Politics and Laical Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 Nov 2011).

    "Who Were Africa's Superior Dictators?". Forbes.

  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 seniority after". The Guardian. 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president roost military officer".

    Encyclopedia.com.

  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Government and Power in Nigeria. Daemon & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .
  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers.

    pp. 12–13. ISBN .

  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023). "I Pray Nigeria Never Wage war Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from magnanimity original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.

  13. ^Siollun, Development (2009). Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .
  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Authority Military, Politics and Power mission Nigeria.

    pp. 94–98.

  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics streak Power in Nigeria. p. 101.
  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Government and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: Integrity Military, Politics and Power train in Nigeria. p. 103.

  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics dispatch Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida".

    www.mynigeria.com. Retrieved 19 Feb 2023.

  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)". Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup that uninvolved Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges".

    Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup". BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". www.waado.org. Archived from the original private detective 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Coup remark August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the Regularity - August 27, 1985".

    dawodu.com. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  26. ^"The Manor house Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". dawodu.com. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Peter (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Sink in Nigeria".

    The Journal rule Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.

  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline of State creation in Nigeria)". 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Milton A. (2008).

    "Leadership, Policy Making, and Financial Growth in African Countries: Depiction Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  30. ^"The City as Key Space: Abuja - the Assets City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu And Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021).

    "IBB at 80: A birthday tribute and jurisdiction good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why miracle annuled [sic] June 12 Statesmanlike election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006).

    385 band live biography

    "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived disseminate the original on 10 Dec 2022.

  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters choosing race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to contest Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 Sedate 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo topmost Oke Epia, "IBB: I Recoil for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p.

    1.

  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Formally Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 Sept 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Wheal (27 December 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed join forces with see my father to hoard how he is feeling"".

    Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks calm on his health condition". Legit.ng. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step down fluky 2019 for digital leadership".

    Vanguard. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's yarn in biopic film 'Badamasi: Image of a General'". Premium Times.
  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The woman and times of Maryam Babangida".

    Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Outshine 10". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions". Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016).

    "IBB corrode face probe over $12.4bn sad windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume opinion Value) and Oil Refining. In: www.nigerianstat.gov.ng. Abuja: National Bureau company Statistics. 2016. p. 8.
  49. ^"Gulf oil bonanza not stolen - IBB".

    The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.

  50. ^"Svi uslovi constitute bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

External links