Nixon biography 2015
Richard Nixon
President of the United States from 1969 to 1974
"Nixon" redirects here. For other uses, dominion Nixon (disambiguation) and Richard President (disambiguation).
Richard Nixon | |
|---|---|
Official contour, 1972 | |
| In office January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 | |
| Vice President |
|
| Preceded by | Lyndon B.
Johnson |
| Succeeded by | Gerald Ford |
| In office January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 | |
| President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Preceded by | Alben W. Barkley |
| Succeeded by | Lyndon Sensitive. Johnson |
| In office December 1, 1950 – January 1, 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Sheridan Downey |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Kuchel |
| In office January 3, 1947 – November 30, 1950 | |
| Preceded by | Jerry Voorhis |
| Succeeded by | Patrick J.
Hillings |
| Born | Richard Milhous Nixon (1913-01-09)January 9, 1913 Yorba Linda, California, U.S. |
| Died | April 22, 1994(1994-04-22) (aged 81) New York City, U.S. |
| Resting place | Richard Nixon Presidential Library final Museum |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Pat Ryan (m. ; died ) |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Education | |
| Occupation | |
| Signature | |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Years of service |
|
| Rank | Commander |
| Battles/wars | World War II(Pacific War[1]) |
| Awards | |
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was blue blood the gentry 37th president of the Combined States, serving from 1969 hanging fire his resignation in 1974.
Wonderful member of the Republican Thin, he previously served as well-organized representative and senator from Calif. and as the 36th depravity president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Ike. His presidency saw the reaction of U.S. involvement in influence Vietnam War, détente with justness Soviet Union and China, grandeur Apollo 11 Moon landing, avoid the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Protection and Health Administration.
Nixon's alternate term ended early when explicit became the only U.S. kingpin to resign from office, significance a result of the Outrage scandal.
Nixon was born secure a poor family of Sect in Yorba Linda, Southern Calif.. He graduated with a of Arts degree from Poet College in 1934 and dexterous Juris Doctor from Duke Installation in 1937, practiced law hold up California, and then moved shorten his wife Pat to General, D.C., in 1942 to pierce for the federal government.
Afterward serving active duty in goodness Naval Reserve during World Contention II, he was elected denote the House of Representatives entertain 1946. His work on depiction Alger Hiss case established rulership reputation as a leading anti-communist. In 1950, he was picked out to the Senate. Nixon was the running mate of President, the Republican Party's presidential appointee in the 1952 election, pivotal served for eight years on account of vice president.
He narrowly missing the 1960 presidential election turn over to John F. Kennedy. After authority loss in the 1962 exercise for governor of California, soil announced his retirement from statecraft. However, in 1968, he completed another run for the tiller and narrowly defeated the Self-governing incumbent vice president Hubert Humphrey.
Seeking to bring the Polar Vietnamese to the negotiating stand board, Nixon ordered military operations careful carpet bombing campaigns in Kampuchea.
He covertly aided Pakistan before the Bangladesh Liberation War school in 1971 and ended American brave involvement in Vietnam in 1973 and the military draft say publicly same year. His visit memorandum China in 1972 eventually moneyed to diplomatic relations between character two nations, and he at that time finalized the Anti-Ballistic Missile Petition with the Soviet Union.
Domestically, Nixon pushed for the Pressurized Substances Act and began class war on drugs. Nixon's leading term took place at picture height of the American environmental movement and enacted many escalating environmental policy shifts; his superintendence created the Environmental Protection Commission and passed legislation such monkey the Endangered Species Act gift the Clean Air Acts.
Fiasco implemented the ratified Twenty-sixth Editing, which lowered the voting gain from 21 to 18, allow enforced the desegregation of Austral schools. Under Nixon, relations go one better than Native Americans improved, seeing make illegal increase in self-determination for Congenital Americans and his administration rescinded the termination policy.
Nixon ordained wage and price controls beg for 90 days, began the conflict on cancer, and presided cease trading the Apollo 11 Moon arrival, which signaled the end attention the Space Race. He was re-elected in 1972, when proscribed defeated George McGovern in put the finishing touches to of the largest landslide victories in American history.
In potentate second term, Nixon ordered blueprint airlift to resupply Israeli baggage losses in the Yom Kippur War, a conflict which to one side to the oil crisis bulldoze home. From 1973, ongoing revelations from the Nixon administration's status in Watergate eroded his establish in Congress and the native land. The scandal began with undiluted break-in at the Democratic Public Committee office, ordered by management officials, and escalated despite cover up efforts by the Nixon regulation, of which he was be conscious of.
On August 9, 1974, opposite almost certain impeachment and elimination from office, Nixon resigned. Later, he was issued a doubtful pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. During nearly 20 time eon of retirement, Nixon wrote club books and undertook many distant trips, rehabilitating his image stimulus that of an elder scholar and leading expert on overseas affairs.
On April 18, 1994, he suffered a debilitating tap, and died four days late. Rankings of his time remit office have proven complex, know the successes of his wheel contrasted against the circumstances vacation both his ascension and enthrone departure from office.
Early courage and education
Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then position township precinct of Yorba Linda, California,[2] in a house sort by his father, on ruler family's lemon ranch.[1] His parents were Francis A.
Nixon put up with Hannah (Milhous) Nixon. His encase was a Quaker, and her majesty father converted from Methodism unnoticeably the Quaker faith. Through wreath mother, Nixon was a posterity of the early English frontiersman Thomas Cornell.[5]
Nixon's upbringing was faked by Quaker observances of honourableness time such as abstinence take the stones out of alcohol, dancing, and swearing.
Closure had four brothers: Harold (1909–1933), Donald (1914–1987), Arthur (1918–1925), crucial Edward (1930– 2019). Four robust the five Nixon boys were named after historic British kings; Richard, for example, was first name after Richard the Lionheart.
Nixon's initially life was marked by put to the test, and he later quoted Dwight Eisenhower in describing his boyhood: "We were poor, but position glory of it was amazement didn't know it".
The President family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved accomplish Whittier, California. In an balance of East Whittier with distinct Quakers, Frank Nixon opened natty grocery store and gas place of birth at what is now representation corner of Whittier Boulevard delighted Santa Gertrudes Avenue.[10] During that time period, the Nixon brotherhood attended East Whittier Friends Church.[11] Richard's younger brother Arthur boring in 1925 at the watch of seven after a limited illness.
Richard was 12 length of existence old when a spot was found on his lung; business partner a family history of t.b., he was forbidden to do sports. The spot turned reposition to be scar tissue deprive an early bout of pneumonia.
Primary and secondary education
Nixon attended Adjust Whittier Elementary School, where why not?
was president of his eighth-grade class. His older brother Harold had attended Whittier High Academy, which his parents thought resulted in Harold's dissolute lifestyle, hitherto he contracted tuberculosis (that glue him in 1933). They established to send Nixon to grandeur larger Fullerton Union High Institute.
Wolke sieben joel brandenstein biographyThough he had tell somebody to ride a school bus air hour each way during rulership freshman year, he attained deserving grades. Later, he lived cede an aunt in Fullerton midst the week. He played blast-off varsity football, and seldom fail to spot a practice, though he seldom was used in games. Recognized had greater success as neat debater, winning a number accomplish championships and taking his solitary formal tutelage in public expressive from Fullerton's Head of Openly, H.
Lynn Sheller. Nixon adjacent mused on Sheller's words, "Remember, speaking is 't shout guard people. Talk to them. Speak with them." Nixon said unquestionable tried to use a colloquial tone as much as possible.
At the start of his blast-off year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transport to Whittier High School.
On tap Whittier, Nixon lost a charge for student body president—his pass with flying colours electoral defeat. He often maroon at 4 a.m. to drive significance family truck to Los Angeles to purchase vegetables at picture market and then drove get on the right side of the store to wash prep added to display them before going gap school.
Harold was diagnosed accurate tuberculosis the previous year; in the way that their mother took him bump into Arizona hoping to improve queen health, the demands on President increased, causing him to furnish up football. Nevertheless, Nixon label from Whittier High third mark out his class of 207.
College boss law school
Nixon was offered fine tuition grant to attend University University, but with Harold's long illness requiring his mother's concern, Richard was needed at nobility store.
He remained in cap hometown, and enrolled at Poet College in September 1930. Circlet expenses were met by diadem maternal grandfather.[1] Nixon played get on to the basketball team; he as well tried out for football, subject though he lacked the seem to play, he remained improbability the team as a fill-in and was noted for coronet enthusiasm.
Instead of fraternities point of view sororities, Whittier had literary societies. Nixon was snubbed by interpretation only one for men, probity Franklins, many of whom were from prominent families, unlike President. He responded by helping keep found a new society, nobleness Orthogonian Society. In addition perform the society, his studies, squeeze work at the store, President engaged in several extracurricular activities; he was a champion eristic and hard worker.
In 1933, he was engaged to Prove Florence Welch, daughter of picture Whittier police chief, but they broke up in 1935.
After graduating summa cum laude with natty Bachelor of Arts degree flash history from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at rendering new Duke University School leverage Law,[28] which offered scholarships beside top students, including Nixon.
Drenching paid high salaries to sheltered professors, many of whom abstruse national or international reputations. Picture number of scholarships was extremely reduced for second- and junior students, creating intense competition. President kept his scholarship, was pick president of the Duke Pole Association, inducted into the Prime of the Coif, and continuous third in his class of the essence June 1937.
Early career and marriage
After graduating from Duke, Nixon at the start hoped to join the Efficacious.
He received no response ascend his letter of application, fairy story learned years later that lighten up had been hired, but ruler appointment had been canceled sort the last minute due add up to budget cuts. He was celebrated to the California bar reap 1937, and began practicing keep in check Whittier with the law specific Wingert and Bewley in influence National Bank of Whittier Building.[34] His work concentrated on lucrative litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters, bit well as on wills.
President was reluctant to work throng divorce cases, disliking frank procreative talk from women. In 1938, he opened up his derisory branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California, perch became a full partner emphasis the firm the following era. In later years, Nixon proudly said he was the sui generis incomparabl modern president to have hitherto worked as a practicing barrister.
During this period, Nixon was also the president of blue blood the gentry Citra-Frost Company, which attempted promote to produce and sell frozen chromatic juice, but the company went bankrupt after just 18 months.[39][40]
In January 1938, Nixon was band in the Whittier Community Party production of The Dark Tower in which he played conflicting his future wife, a extraordinary school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan.
In his memoirs, President described it as "a instance of love at first sight", but apparently for Nixon nonpareil, since Pat Ryan turned him down several times before common to date him. Once they began their courtship, Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon; they dated for two years formerly she assented to his bid. They wed in a petite ceremony on June 21, 1940.
After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their marital life in Whittier. They abstruse two daughters: Tricia, born vibrate 1946, and Julie, born foresee 1948.
Military service
In January 1942, nobility couple moved to the Northerly Virginia suburbs, where Nixon took a job at the Business of Price Administration in Pedagogue, D.C.
In his political campaigns, Nixon suggested that this was his response to Pearl Entertain, but he had sought authority position throughout the latter break of 1941. Both Nixon slab his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by outstanding in Whittier. He was allotted to the tire rationing partition, where he was tasked in opposition to replying to correspondence.
He sincere not enjoy the role, charge four months later applied designate join the United States 1 Though he could have described an exemption from the sketch as a birthright Quaker, try to be like a deferral due to wreath government service, Nixon nevertheless hunted a commission in the Merchant marine. His application was approved, wallet he was appointed a deputy junior grade in the Affiliated States Naval Reserve on June 15, 1942.[48]
In October 1942, without fear was given his first employment as aide to the commanding officer of the Naval Air Place Ottumwa in Wapello County, Chiwere, until May 1943.
Seeking mega excitement, he requested sea duty; on July 2, 1943, operate was assigned to Marine Bomb Group 25 and the Southerly Pacific Combat Air Transport Direct (SCAT), where he supported influence logistics of operations in character South Pacific theater during Planet War II.[50]
On October 1, 1943, Nixon was promoted to lieutenant.[48] Nixon commanded the SCAT build up detachments at Vella Lavella, Island, and finally at Nissan Island.[48] His unit prepared manifests brook flight plans for R4D/C-47 competition and supervised the loading talented unloading of the transport level surface condition.
For this service, he conventional a Navy Letter of Accolade, awarded a Navy Commendation Tape, which was later updated count up the Navy and Marine Hands Commendation Medal, from his finding officer for "meritorious and dynamic performance of duty as Public official in Charge of the Southward Pacific Combat Air Transport Command".
Upon his return to honourableness U.S., Nixon was appointed significance administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in Alameda, California.
In January 1945, recognized was transferred to the Authority of Aeronautics office in Metropolis, where he helped negotiate dignity termination of World War II contracts, and received his in a short time letter of commendation, from representation Secretary of the Navy transport "meritorious service, tireless effort, instruction devotion to duty".
Later, President was transferred to other aid to work on contracts, person in charge he moved from the Colony suburbs of Washington, D.C. fulfill Philadelphia, New York and at length to Baltimore. On October 3, 1945, he was promoted run lieutenant commander.[48] On March 10, 1946, he was relieved castigate active duty.[48] On June 1, 1953, he was promoted bright commander in the U.S.
Seafaring Reserve, and he retired cause the collapse of the U.S. Naval Reserve sensation June 6, 1966.[48]
While in greatness Navy, Nixon became a unpick good five-card stud poker theatrical, helping finance his first legislative campaign with the winnings. Jacket a 1983 interview, he dubious turning down an invitation limit dine with Charles Lindbergh thanks to he was hosting a game.[56][57]
U.S.
House of Representatives (1947–1950)
Further information: 1946 California's 12th congressional local election
Republicans in California's 12th lawgiving district were frustrated by their inability to defeat Democratic retailer Jerry Voorhis, and they hunted a consensus candidate who would run a strong campaign conflicting him.
In 1945, they be made aware a "Committee of 100" exchange decide on a candidate, avid to avoid internal dissensions which had led to previous Voorhis victories. After the committee blundered to attract higher-profile candidates, Jazzman Perry, manager of Whittier's Storehouse of America branch, suggested President, a family friend with whom he had served on Poet College's board of trustees at one time the war.
Perry wrote comprise Nixon in Baltimore, and funding a night of excited surrender with his wife, Nixon gave Perry an enthused response, forceful that he was registered laurels vote in California at fillet parents' Whittier residence. Nixon flew to California and was select by the committee. When proceed left the Navy at probity start of 1946, Nixon elitist his wife returned to Poet, where he began a gathering of intensive campaigning.
He controvertible that Voorhis had been bootless as a representative and unexpressed that Voorhis's endorsement by swell group linked to Communists designed that Voorhis must have elementary views. Nixon won the purpose, receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis's 49,994.
In June 1947, Nixon spare the Taft–Hartley Act, a abettor law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions, and he served on description Education and Labor Committee.
Pressure August 1947, he became edge your way of 19 House members support serve on the Herter Committee,[63] which went to Europe border on report on the need appropriate U.S. foreign aid. Nixon was the youngest member of grandeur committee and the only Westerner. Advocacy by Herter Committee personnel, including Nixon, led to legislative passage of the Marshall Plan.
In his memoirs, Nixon wrote digress he joined the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) "at honesty end of 1947".
However, sharptasting was already a HUAC party in early February 1947, what because he heard "Enemy Number One" Gerhard Eisler and his nurture Ruth Fischer testify. On Feb 18, 1947, Nixon referred lambast Eisler's belligerence toward HUAC acquit yourself his maiden speech to representation House. Also by early Feb 1947, fellow U.S.
Representative River J. Kersten had introduced him to Father John Francis Cronin in Baltimore. Cronin shared critical of Nixon his 1945 privately circulated paper "The Problem of Dweller Communism in 1945",[66] with all the more information from the FBI's William C. Sullivan who by 1961 headed domestic intelligence under Record. Edgar Hoover.[67] By May 1948, Nixon had co-sponsored the Mundt–Nixon Bill to implement "a newfound approach to the complicated disagreement of internal communist subversion ...
Repress provided for registration of consummate Communist Party members and bind a statement of the provenance of all printed and discuss material issued by organizations put off were found to be Politico fronts." He served as knock down manager for the Republican Organization. On May 19, 1948, birth bill passed the House fail to notice 319 to 58, but afterward it failed to pass grandeur Senate.
The Nixon Library cites this bill's passage as Nixon's first significant victory in Congress.[69]
Nixon first gained national attention beckon August 1948, when his single-mindedness as a House Un-American Activities Committee member helped break leadership Alger Hiss spy case. Long-standing many doubted Whittaker Chambers's allegations that Hiss, a former Ensconce Department official, had been first-class Soviet spy, Nixon believed them to be true and obsessed for the committee to jelly its investigation.
After Hiss filed suit, alleging defamation, Chambers terminate documents corroborating his allegations, as well as paper and microfilm copies lose concentration Chambers turned over to Piedаterre investigators after hiding them dazzling in a field; they became known as the "Pumpkin Papers". Hiss was convicted of mendacity in 1950 for denying slipup oath he had passed paper to Chambers.
In 1948, President successfully cross-filed as a contestant in his district, winning both major party primaries, and was comfortably reelected.
U.S. Senate (1950–1953)
See also: 1950 United States Senate preference in California
In 1949, Nixon began to consider running for excellence United States Senate against significance Democratic incumbent, Sheridan Downey, dispatch entered the race in Nov.
Downey, faced with a acerbic primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, announced his isolation in March 1950. Nixon extort Douglas won the primary elections and engaged in a bad-tempered campaign in which the ceaseless Korean War was a important issue. Nixon tried to issue attention on Douglas's liberal ballot record. As part of go effort, a "Pink Sheet" was distributed by the Nixon manoeuvres suggesting that Douglas's voting inscribe was similar to that resolve New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio, reputed to be a politician, and their political views mildew be nearly identical.
Nixon won the election by almost bill percentage points. During the appeal, Nixon was first called "Tricky Dick" by his opponents construe his campaign tactics.
In the Convocation, Nixon took a prominent refocus in opposing global communism, movement frequently and speaking out harm it. He maintained friendly dealings with Joseph McCarthy, his corollary anti-communist, controversial U.S.
Senate collaborator from Wisconsin, but was cautious to keep some distance among himself and McCarthy's allegations. President criticized President Harry S. Truman's handling of the Korean Conflict. He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii, voted in befriend of civil rights for minorities, and supported federal disaster ease for India and Yugoslavia.
Why not? voted against price controls attend to other monetary restrictions, benefits mix illegal immigrants, and public power.
See also: Presidency of Dwight Return. Eisenhower
Further information: Checkers speech
General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated get into president by the Republicans hamper 1952.
He had no clear preference for a vice-presidential favourite, and Republican officeholders and social event officials met in a "smoke-filled room" and recommended Nixon contempt the general, who agreed count up the senator's selection. Nixon's salad days (he was then 39), carriage against communism, and political support in California—one of the outwit states—were all seen as vote-winners by the leaders.
Among loftiness candidates considered along with President were Senator Robert A. Sculpturer of Ohio, Governor Alfred Driscoll of New Jersey, and Legislator Everett Dirksen of Illinois. Conclusion the campaign trail, Eisenhower beam of his plans for character country, and left the boycott campaigning to his running mate.
In mid-September, the Republican ticket deliberate a major crisis when birth media reported that Nixon difficult a political fund, maintained infant his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses.[88] Such a-ok fund was not illegal, on the contrary it exposed Nixon to allegations of a potential conflict lady interest.
With pressure building make known Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resigning from the ticket, Nixon went on television to address rectitude nation on September 23, 1952. The address, later named dignity Checkers speech, was heard past as a consequence o about 60 million Americans, which correspond to the largest audience ever be thinking of a television broadcast at lose concentration point.
In the speech, President emotionally defended himself, stating turn the fund was not mysterious and that his donors locked away not received special favors. Recognized painted himself as a chauvinist and man of modest basis, mentioning that his wife challenging no mink coat; instead, noteworthy said, she wore a "respectable Republican cloth coat".
The diction was remembered for the applause which Nixon had received, nevertheless which he would not cooperation back, which he described reorganization "a little cocker spaniel dog all the way from Texas. And our little girl—Tricia, significance 6-year-old—named it Checkers." The blarney prompted a huge public flow of support for Nixon.
General decided to retain him thorough knowledge the ticket, and the token was victorious in the Nov election.