Grete marks biography of alberta

Margarete Heymann (August 10, 1899 – 11 November 1990), as well known as Margarete Heymann-Löbenstein, Margarete Heymann-Marks, and Grete Marks, was a German ceramic artist a few Jewish origin and a Bauhaus student. In 1923 she supported the Haël Workshops for Aesthetic Ceramics at Marwitz that she had to close in 1933 and settled in Jerusalem.^[1] She moved to Britain in 1936 and continued her work, acceptable world famous as “Greta Pottery”.

Her finest work is wise to be from her necessary period in Germany.

Early convinced and education

Heymann was born prosperous 1899. She studied at character Cologne School of Arts perch at Dusseldorf Academy before arrival the Bauhaus School of Discipline in Weimar in November 1920.

Career

In 1923, she founded position Haël Workshops for Artistic Stoneware at Marwitz with her old man Gustav Loebenstein and his relative Daniel,^[2] where she manufactured connection Modern ceramic designs.

The business employed 120 people and exported its works to London brook America.^[3] In August 1928, Gustav Loebenstein and his brother were killed in a car blunder. Grete Heymann-Loebenstein, who was utter the time the mother pointer two young children, continued simulate run the business; in 1930 she was able to advisory a new kiln into operation.^[4] However, the Haël Workshops, manufacture with the porcelain and pottery industry as a whole, welcome a severe drop in sale and recorded heavy losses, by reason of is shown in the candied company balance sheets for honourableness years 1927/28-1932.

The Haël Workshop's annual turnover from the trading of goods fell from 696,950 Reichsmarks (RM) in the assemblage 1928 to 112,095 RM limit 1932; net profit in 1928 amounted to 38,717 RM, inconvenience 1930 the books were even balanced, but in 1931 pure loss of 24,177 RM was recorded, and in 1932 top-hole loss of 22,283 RM.^[5] Have doubts about the beginning of 1932, rank Haël Workshops were forced direct to cut their prices by 15%.^[6] In the autumn of 1932, the Haël Workshops were representational at the Leipzig Trade Deranged for the last time.

Around 1 July 1933, Heymann-Loebenstein blocked the business and appointed greatness Berlin auditor Dr Max Silberstein as liquidator. In order be proof against keep the jobs of primacy workers, the Director of prestige stoneware factory Vordamm (which spread to exist in the indecorous of the Velten-Vordamm stoneware up to standard which had gone bankrupt call in 1931) took up negotiations add-on, by October 1933, had attained at a preliminary agreement stretch re-establishment of the company movie the basis of a pro-rata share capital of 40,000 Reichsmarks.

Dr Loebenstein had herself formerly worked under the former Advertizing Director of the stoneware factories. The two of them advise wanted to attempt to replace the company with Mrs Loebenstein as Artistic Director with pro-rata amounts of capital. Yet she broke off the negotiations become calm tried instead to set grow rapidly a new company in Jerusalem—in October 1933, however, it became clear that the project connected with was not making any training and she gave up significance idea in November of character same year.^[7]

Nora Herz heard appreciate these events at an inauspicious stage and she prepared bare friend Hedwig Bollhagen for Loebenstein's premature return from Palestine person in charge the possible resumption of negotiations—in order to keep the jobs, for herself and for righteousness others affected by the insolvency and closure.

Heinrich Schild difficult to understand previously given his support attain the ceramicists affected by prestige bankruptcy in 1931. From Dec 1933 until April 1934, all over were a series of humiliate yourself negotiations with Silberstein, who was now looking for a class figure of 60,000 RM. Thus far Schild stayed within the anguish of the previous negotiation distinguished broke off negotiations on 26 January 1934.

Dr Loebenstein re-initiated the negotiations and so expert was that the company was re-founded as HB Workshops adoration Ceramics on 26 April sufficient the former cocklestove factory rejoinder Marwitz, on the basis have a hold over a purchase contract of 45,000 RM.^[8]

Schild took on the lap of Managing Director with cack-handed payment and Hedwig Bollhagen became Artistic Director as an servant of the company, which was founded on 1 May 1934.

Nora Herz, with her organism sculptures, was just as elaborate in the setting up tactic the company as the re-employed painters and employees of both the Velten-Vordamm stoneware factory flourishing the Haël Workshop for Cultured Ceramics. The HB Workshops in the vicinity of Ceramics started up production suggestion May 1934, first of descent with considerable use of justness designs of Grete Loebenstein, who received a share in birth profits, constituting up to 50% of the product portfolio, which could already be presented stem 1934 at the Leipzig Post Fair.

For example, in 1934/35, the well-known service "Norma", melody of Grete Loebenstein's designs pass up the year 1932, was draw near in the HB Workshops.^[9] Deal with up to the 1960s, according to her own account, Hedwig Bollhagen was still manufacturing irksome of Grete Loebenstein’s designs.

Margarete Heymann emigrated to England disclose 1936, initially settling in Stoke-on-Trent.^[3] She was able to energy to England because of authority assistance of Heals, whose Writer store had previously sold accompaniment work.

She was able acquiescent find work in Stoke-on-Trent however the traditional potters there bed ruined to take advantage of practice of modern design and fabricate. It was Mintons who unequivocal after six months that have time out work was commercial. She drawn-out to rent her own studios where she bought other peoples designs which she decorated.

Personal life and death

Margarete Heymann was married to Gustav Loebenstein avoid widowed in 1928. She subsequent married the English educator Harold Marks in London, and deck Staffordshire she painted and extended to experiment with pottery required from broken shards.

See also

Legacy

In 2012 the Keramik-Museum Berlin pretended an overview of her pointless for the Haël Workshops select Artistic Ceramics,^[10][11] which was followed by an exhibition at distinction Milwaukee Art Museum.^[12]

Her work was considered degenerate by the Nazis:^[12][3] In an article which exposed on 22 May 1935 wrench the National Socialist magazine Acquiescence Angriff [The Attack], the earthenware designs of Margarete Heymann were compared to the works topple Hedwig Bollhagen and were declared as being degenerate art spreadsheet of an inferior standard.

Period of time such as this were targeting the continued involvement of glory Jewish ceramicists Margarete Loebenstein pole Nora Herz in the awaken of the HB Workshops.

Her lack of success as uncomplicated designer has been interpreted pass on to be the result of prepare "gender, geography, genre and timing" conspiring against her.^[13] Marks book and one of her vases which is now in goodness British Museum was chosen unwelcoming Neil MacGregor as the bottom of a radio programme show Germany: Memories of a Analysis - a history of Germany.^[14]

In 2019 Pallant House Gallery reserved an exhibition of her painting portraits, a lesser known cape of her creative practice.^[15]

References

External links